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  Governments have to deal with people as they are, extremely unequal in talent and ambition yet each a mixture of good and bad. The public are likely to prosper more under the administration of practical-minded men who are used to carrying responsibility for their others in their day-to-day affairs than they are under theoreticians, even though the theoreticians may be clever as individuals. It is not intellectual brilliance that is called for in government but a sound understanding of people and the ways of the world, steadiness of character, common sense¡ªplus perhaps a dash of flair. This combination is more likely to be found among people born to wealth and responsibility than among clever people who have made their way up from humble backgrounds¡ªthough a few of the latter may with advantage be admitted into the governing class of each generation.
  
  The whole attitude is woven from the coming together of particular leading strands: affection and respect for existing social reality, and for the past out of which it has developed; a cautious attitude to change, and a desire to see it take place gradually; acceptance of the mixed character of human beings and their motivations, and a firm disbelief in their perfectibility; rejection of equalitarianism; a dislike of intellectualism in politics, that is to say a scepticism about the applicability of grand ideas, ideologies and "isms," to the lives of flesh-and-blood human beings, and also about the motives of those who advocate them. There are different kinds of conservatism, even within a society so tradition-bound and continuous as that of Britain, but Burkean Toryism is one of the most civilized and most rationally arguable, and perhaps for that reason tends to be respected even by its opponents.〈Bryan Magee, The Story of philosophy〉
  
  Á¤ºÎ´Â Àç´ÉÀ̳ª ¾ß¸Á¿¡¼­ Áö±ØÈ÷ ºÒÆòµîÇÏ¸ç ±×·¯³ª °¢°¢Àº ¼±ÇÑ °Í°ú ³ª»Û °ÍÀÇ È¥ÇÕ¹°ÀÎ ¹ÎÁßÀ» ÀÖ´Â ±×´ë·Î ´Ù·ç¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ´ëÁßÀº À̷а¡µéÀÌ °³ÀÎÀ¸·Î¼­ ¶È¶ÈÇÏ´õ¶óµµ À̷а¡µéÀÇ ö½ù»(Ä¡ÇÏ)¿¡¼­º¸´Ù´Â ±×µéÀÇ ÀÏ»óÀÇ ÀÏ¿¡¼­ ±×µéÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ¾÷¹«ÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ Àͼ÷ÇÑ ½Ç¿ëÀûÀÎ Á¤½ÅÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÅëÄ¡ÇÏ¿¡¼­ ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ ¹ø¿µÇÒ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ÅëÄ¡¿¡ ¿ä±¸µÇ´Â °ÍÀº ÁöÀûÀÎ ¶Ù¾î³²ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°í ¹ÎÁß°ú ¼¼»ó ¹°Á¤(ways)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±íÀº ÀÌÇØ¿Í ¼º½ÇÇÑ Àΰݰú¡ª¾Æ¸¶µµ ¼Ò·®ÀÇ Á÷°¨À» º¸Å¼­¡ª»ó½ÄÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ÇÕÀÛÇ°Àº ¹ÌõÇÑ °¡Á¤ ¹è°æÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Ãâ¼¼ÇÑ ¶È¶ÈÇÑ »ç¶÷µéº¸´Ù´Â Àç»ê°ú Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ ÀÖ´Â Áý¿¡ ž »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¼­ ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ ¹ß°ßµÇ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù¡ªºñ·Ï ÈÄÀÚ(°¡³­ÇÑ °¡Á¤ Ãâ½Å) ÁßÀÇ ÀÌÁ¡À» °¡Áø ¼Ò¼ö°¡ °¢ ¼¼´ëÀÇ Áö¹è°è±ÞÀ¸·Î ¿µÀԵDZ⵵ ÇÏÁö¸¸.
  
  ÀüüÀûÀΠŵµ´Â °³°³ÀÇ(particular) ÁÖµµÀûÀÎ ²öÀ» ÇÔ²² ¸ð¾Æ¼­ Â¥Áø´Ù:ÇöÀç Á¸ÀçÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â »çȸÀû ½ÇÀç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ÖÁ¤°ú Á¸Áß, ±× ½ÇÀ縦 ¹èÃâÇÑ °ú°Å¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ÖÁ¤°ú Á¸Áß;º¯È­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¶½É½º·± ŵµ, ±×¸®°í ±× º¯È­°¡ Á¡ÁøÀûÀ¸·Î ÀϾ±â¸¦ º¸·Á´Â ¹Ù¶÷;Àΰ£°ú Àΰ£ÀÇ µ¿±âÀÇ º¹ÀâÇÑ(mixed) ¼º°ÝÀ» ¼ö¿ëÇÏ´Â °Í, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍµéÀÇ ¿Ïº®¼º¿¡ È®°íÇÑ ºÒ½Å, ÆòµîÁÖÀÇÀÇ °ÅºÎ, Á¤Ä¡¿¡ À־ ñ«ò±ñ«ëù(ÁÖÁöÁÖÀÇ)¸¦ ½È¾îÇÏ´Â °Í, Áï(that is to say) ÇÇ¿Í »ì·Î µÈ Àΰ£ÀÇ »î(Çö½ÇÀûÀÎ »î)À» À§Çؼ­ ¿ø´ëÇÑ »ç»ó°ú À̳ä°ú 'ñ«ëù(ÁÖÀÇ)'ÀÇ Àû¿ë °¡´É¼º¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ȸÀÇÇÏ´Â °Í, ±×·¯ÇÑ °ÍµéÀ» ¿ËÈ£ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ µ¿±â¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ȸÀÇÇÏ´Â °Í(ÀÌ´Ù). ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¿µ±¹ »çȸó·³ ÀüÅëÀ¸·Î ¹­¿© ÀÖ°í ¿µ¼ÓÀûÀÎ »çȸ¿¡¼­µµ ´Ù¾çÇÑ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö¸¸ BurkeÀÇ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ´Â °¡Àå ¹®¸íµÇ°í °¡Àå ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î ³íÁõÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¡¼­ ¾Æ¸¶µµ ±× ÀÌÀ¯ ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×°ÍÀÇ ¹Ý´ëÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­µµ Á¸°æ¹Þ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
  
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  °è¸ù½Ã´ë Áß±¹ÀÇ °æÁ¦´Â ¼­ºÎÀ¯·´°ú ºñ½ÁÇÑ ¼öÁØ¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Áß±¹µµ ¿µ±¹ ¸øÁö¾Ê°Ô ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇÀû ½ÃÀå°æÁ¦°¡ ¹ß´ÞµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. »çÀ¯Àç»ê±Çµµ º¸ÀåµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. °ü·áÁ¦µµµµ ¹ß´ÞÇÏ¿© ±¹°¡ÀÇ ÅëÄ¡±â´ÉÀº ¿µ±¹¿¡ ºñÇØ ¼Õ»öÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±¹¹ÎÀÇ ¹®ÀÚÇصæ·üµµ ¿µ±¹°ú ºñ½ÁÇÏ¿´°í ¼­ÀûÀÇ »ý»êµµ È°¹ßÇÏ¿© ºÏ°æÀÇ µµ¼­½ÃÀåÀº ¾öû³­ ±Ô¸ð¿´À¸¸ç Áß±¹Àº ¼¼°èÀûÀÎ ¼­Àû ¼öÃâ ±¹°¡¿´´Ù. ¿ä¾àÇϸé Áß±¹Àº ¹®È­ÀûÀ¸·Î³ª °æÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î³ª ¿µ±¹¿¡ ºñÇØ Á¶±Ýµµ µÚÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº ÀüÅëÀû °­´ë±¹À̾ú´Ù.
  
  ±×·¯³ª 1900³â´ë¿¡ À̸£¸é Áß±¹ÀÇ ±¹¹Î¼ÒµæÀº 1700³â´ë¿Í º°´Ù¸¥ Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ¾ø´Â »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¿µ±¹¿¡ ºñÇÏ¸é ºñÂüÇÒ Á¤µµ·Î ³·Àº ¼öÁØ¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. õÇÏÀÇ °­´ë±¹ÀÌ æêË­(¿­°­)¿¡°Ô ¹°¾î¶â±â´Â ¼ö¸ð¸¦ ´çÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Áß±¹¿¡¼­´Â »ê¾÷Çõ¸íÀÌ ÀϾÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áß±¹Àº ¿µ±¹À̳ª ¼­ºÎÀ¯·´ ±¹°¡Ã³·³ ±â°è¹®¸í ±¹°¡·Î µµ¾àÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ°í ¿©ÀüÈ÷ îñ±Ù´ëÀûÀÎ ³ó¾÷±¹°¡·Î ³²¾ÆÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. 20¼¼±â ÃʹݱîÁöµµ ´ë·®»ý»êÀÌ Æ¯Â¡ÀÎ ±â°è¹®¸íÀÇ ´ë¿­¿¡ ³¢Áö ¸øÇÏ°í Çö´ë¹®¸íÀÇ ³«¿ÀÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
  
  ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ °æÁ¦»çÇÐÀÚÀÎ Á¶¿¤ ¸ðÅ°¸£(Joel Mokyr) ±³¼ö´Â Áß±¹¿¡¼­ °úÇбâ¼úÀÌ ¹ß´ÞÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ¿©¼­ »ê¾÷Çõ¸íÀÌ ÀϾ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´ø ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°ÀÌ µé°í ÀÖ´Ù:
  
  1. Áö¹è°è±ÞÀÇ ±³À°¹ÞÀº ¿¤¸®Æ®µéÀÌ °¡Áú ¼ö ÀÖ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ Á÷¾÷Àº °üÁ÷»ÓÀ̾ú´Ù. ±ÍÁ·µéÀº °ú°Å½ÃÇè¿¡ ÇÕ°ÝÇÏ¿© °ü·á°¡ µÇ°Å³ª ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é Æò»ý ÛÜØüßößæ(¹é¸é¼­»ý)À¸·Î Áö³»¾ß ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
  
  2. ±³À°¿­Àº ³ô¾ÒÁö¸¸ Çб³¿¡¼­´Â °øÀÚ¿Í ±× Á¦ÀÚµéÀÎ ¸ÍÀÚ âðí­(¼øÀÚ) µîÀÇ À¯±³»ç»ó¸¸ °¡¸£ÃÆ´Ù. °ú°Å½ÃÇè °ú¸ñÀº À̵éÀÌ ³²±ä ÞÌßöçéÌè(»ç¼­¿À°æ) °°Àº °íÀü»ÓÀ̾ú´Ù. ¹°¸®, È­ÇÐ, »ý¹° µî ÀÚ¿¬°úÇÐ °ú¸ñÀ» °¡¸£Ä£´Ù´Â °ÍÀº »ó»óÁ¶Â÷ ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù.
  
  3. ßÈÚÅ(»ó¹Î)À̳ª ³ë¿¹ µî »çȸÀû ÁöÀ§°¡ ³·Àº ÇÏÃþ°è±Þ¸¸ÀÌ °úÇбâ¼ú¿¡ Á¾»çÇÏ¿´±â ¶§¹®¿¡ »ý»ê¼º Çâ»óÀ̳ª °úÇбâ¼ú ¹ßÀü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àμ¾Æ¼ºê°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.
  
  4. ½ÇÇè°ú °üÂû µî °úÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î °ËÁõÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÑ Áö½Ä, ¹°ÀÚ¸¦ »ý»êÇϴµ¥ À¯¿ëÇÑ Áö½Äº¸´Ù´Â, ÁÖÀÚÇÐ µî À¯±³»ç»óÀÇ °ü³äÀû Áö½Ä, ½ÇÇö ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ È¯»óÀû Áö½ÄÀÌ ÁÖµµÇÏ´Â ¹®È­Ç³Åä¿´´Ù. »ç½Çº¸´Ù´Â ȯ»óÀÌ Áö¹èÇÏ´Â ³ª¶ó¿´´Ù.
  
  5. °è¸ù½Ã´ëÀÇ ¼­ºÎ À¯·´°ú´Â ´Þ¸® âÁ¶Àû Æı«°¡ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ¿´´Ù. °íÀüÀº ½Å¼ººÒ°¡Ä§ÀÇ Á¸Àç¿´°í ³­°øºÒ¶ôÀÇ ´ë»óÀ̾ú´Ù. Áø½Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÃÖÁ¾Àû ñÞËà(ÁØ°Å)´Â °íÀüÀ̾ú´Ù. °íÀüÀ» º¸´Ù ´õ Àß ÀοëÇÏ°í º¸´Ù ´õ Á¤±³ÇÏ°Ô Çؼ®ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Çй®ÀÇ ±Ã±ØÀûÀÎ ¸ñÇ¥¿©¼­ Çõ½ÅÀûÀÎ Áö½ÄÀ̳ª »ç»óÀÌ µé¾î¼³ ÀÚ¸®°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.
  
  1500³â¿¡¼­ 1700³âÀÇ ±â°£¿¡ ¼­±¸ ±¹°¡µéÀº ß¾âû(»ó¼ú)ÇÑ ¹Ù¿Í °ü³äÀû Áö½Äº¸´Ù´Â À¯¿ëÇÑ Áö½ÄÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, »ç½ÇÀ» ãêó·³ ½Å¼ºÇÏ°Ô »ý°¢ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ÇÕ¸®ÁÖÀÇÀûÀÌ°í °úÇÐÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ ¹®È­¸¦ Çü¼ºÇÏ°í ¹ßÀü½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á, Àΰ£ÀÇ »îÀ» ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î º¯È­½ÃŲ »ê¾÷Çõ¸íÀÇ °á°ú¸¦ °¡Á® ¿À°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© Àηù ¿ª»ç»ó Àü·Ê°¡ ¾ø´Â, ¼ö·Æ½Ã´ë³ª ³ó¾÷½Ã´ë¿Í´Â Â÷¿øÀÌ ÀüÇô ´Ù¸¥, ±â°è¹®¸í ½Ã´ë¸¦ ¿­¾î¼­ °æÁ¦´Â ¹°·Ð ¹®¸íÀÇ ¸ðµç ºÐ¾ß¿¡ À־µµ Áß±¹Àº ¹°·ÐÀÌ°í ¼¼°è ¾î¶² ³ª¶óº¸´Ùµµ ¿ùµîÈ÷ ¾Õ¼­ °¡°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
  
  °è¸ù½Ã´ë¸¦ °ÅÄ¡¸é¼­ à¤Ï±(¼­±¸)¿Í Áß±¹ÀÌ ÀÌ·¸°Ô Å©°Ô °¥¶óÁö°Ô µÈ Çö»óÀ» ÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÓÞÝÂÐ÷(´ëºÐ±â, Great Divergence)¶ó´Â ¿ë¾î·Î¼­ ïÒì¡(Á¤ÀÇ)ÇÑ´Ù. ´ëºÐ±â´Â ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ¼ö¹é ³â°£Àº ±×´ë·Î Á¸¼ÓµÉ °Í °°´Ù. ÇÑ ¹ø Çü¼ºµÈ ¹®È­ÀÇ Çà·Î´Â ½±°Ô ¹Ù²îÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¼ö¹é ³âÀÌ Èê·¯µµ ¹®È­ÀÇ ±âº»Àû ÆÐÅÏÀº Àß ¹Ù²îÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ¾ÕÀ¸·Îµµ ¼ö¹é ³â°£ Áß±¹ÀÇ ¹Ì·¡°¡ ¹àÁö¸¸ ¾Ê´Â ÀÌÀ¯ÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¼­±¸´Â À̺¯ÀÌ ¾ø´Â ÇÑ Áß±¹º¸´Ù ¿ùµîÈ÷ ¾Õ¼­°¥ °ÍÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â ÀÌÀ¯ÀÌ´Ù. ÒéÓÛ(´©´ë) ºÎÀÚ, ´©´ë °¡³­Àº ´Ù ±×·² ¸¸ÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯°¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
  
  Âü°í:
  Joel Mokyr (2017), 'A Culture of Growth'.
  The Economist (2013.2.9.), 'Nomencracy'
  
  
  
[ 2022-01-20, 09:43 ] Æ®À§ÅÍÆ®À§ÅÍ  ÆäÀ̽ººÏÆäÀ̽ººÏ  ¹ÌÅõµ¥À̹ÌÅõµ¥ÀÌ  ¿äÁò¿äÁò  ³×À̹ö³×À̹ö
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