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  "GOD IS DEAD"
  
  〈The morals and values of Western man derive from religious beliefs that he is ceasing to hold. He therefore needs to reevaluate his values.〉
  
  Friedrich Nietzsche(1844-1900) came from a line of Protestant churchmen: his father and both his grandfathers were Lutheran ministers. His school and university studies were based on the classics: so brilliant was he academically that he became a full professor in his middle twenties - an almost unheard of thing. But he never formally studied philosophy. What turned him into a philosophy was the reading of Schopenhauer. In imitation of Schopenhauer he gave up an academic career and lived a life of solitude and simplicity, much of it spent wandering in Switzerland and Italy. Over a 16-year period he poured out his writings in comparative obscurity. Among those of his books that are now best known are The Birth of Tragedy (1872), Human All Too Human(1878), Beyond Good and Evil (1886), The Gay Science (1887), The Genealogy of Morals (1887), and Thus Spake Zarahthustra (1891).
  
  Living to the Full
  
  As a young man, in addition to being a disciple of Schopenhauer, Nietzsche fell deeply under the spell of the composer Wagner. The two men became personal friends, in spite of the fact that Wagner was old enough to be Nietzsche's father. However, Nietzsche eventually established his independence by rebelling against both Wagner and Schopenhauer, and he produced some famous anti-Wagner polemics in two books, The Case of Wagner (1895), and Nietsche versus Wagner (1895). Tragically, when he was still only in his middle forties he collapsed into mental illness, an illness almost certainly brought on by tertiary syphilis. He was to remain hopelessly insane until his death in 1900; so although his reputation became international during the course of the 1890s he himself was oblivious of the fact.〈Bryan Magee, The Story of philosophy〉
  
  
  ¡°ãêÀº Á×¾ú´Ù¡±
  
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  Friedrich Nietzsche´Â ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ® ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚ °¡¹® Ãâ½ÅÀ̾ú´Ù:±×ÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö¿Í Á¶ºÎ¿Í ¿ÜÁ¶ºÎ ¸ðµÎ ·çÅͱ³ ¸ñ»ç¿´´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ÃÊÁßµîÇб³ ¹× ´ëÇÐÀÇ ±³À°Àº(studies) °íÀü¿¡ ±Ùº»À» µÎ¾ú¾ú´Ù:±×´Â Çй®ÀûÀ¸·Î ³Ê¹«³ª ¿ì¼öÇÏ¿© 20´ë Á߹ݿ¡ Á¤±³¼ö°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù¡ªÀÌ°ÍÀº °ÅÀÇ Àü´ë¹Ì¹®ÀÇ ÀÏÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×´Â öÇÐÀ» Á¤½ÄÀ¸·Î °øºÎÇÑ ÀûÀº ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ±×¸¦ öÇÐÀ¸·Î ¹æÇâÀ» ¹Ù²Ù°Ô ÇÑ °ÍÀº Schopenhauer¸¦ ÀÐÀº °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. Schopenhauer¸¦ ¸ð¹æÇÏ¿© ±×´Â ´ëÇб³¼öÀÇ Á÷À» ±×¸¸µÎ°í °íµ¶ÇÏ°í ¼Ò¹ÚÇÑ »îÀ» »ì¾ÒÀ¸¸ç »ý¾ÖÀÇ ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐÀ» ½ºÀ§½º¿Í ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ¸¦ ï­ï®(ÀüÀü)ÇÏ¸ç º¸³Â´Ù. 16³â ÀÌ»óÀÇ ±â°£ µ¿¾È ±×´Â ºñ±³Àû ¹«¸íÀÇ »óÅ¿¡¼­ ÀÛÇ°À» ½ñ¾Æ ³Â¾ú´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ °¡Àå Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁø Ã¥µé °¡¿îµ¥´Â The Birth of Tragedy(ºñ±ØÀÇ Åº»ý:1872), Human All Too Human(Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ, ³Ê¹«³ª Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ:1878), Beyond Good and Evil(¼±°ú ¾ÇÀ» ³Ñ¾î¼­:1886), The Gay Science(Áñ°Å¿î °úÇÐ:1887), The Genealogy of Morals (µµ´öÀÇ °èº¸:1887), and Thus Spake Zarahthustra(ÀÚ¶óÅõ½ºÆ®¶ó´Â ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¸»ÇÏ¿´´Ù:1891)ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù
  
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  ÀþÀ» ¶§, SchopenhauerÀÇ Á¦ÀÚ¿¡ º¸Å¼­ Nietzsche´Â ÀÛ°î°¡ WagnerÀÇ ¸¶·Â¿¡ Ç« ºüÁ® ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Wagner°¡ NietzscheÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö°¡ µÉ ¸¸Å­ ¸Å¿ì ³ªÀÌ°¡ ¸¹´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í µÎ »ç¶÷Àº °³ÀÎÀûÀΠģ±¸°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Nietzsche´Â Wagner¿Í Schopenhauer µÎ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¹Ý¿ªÇÔ¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ ¸¶Ä§³» µ¶¸³À» È®¸³ÇÏ¿´°í The Case of Wagner(1895)¿Í Nietsche versus Wagner(1895) µÎ Àú¼­¿¡¼­ À¯¸íÇÑ Úã-Wagner ³íÀïÀÇ ³í¹®À» »ý»êÇÏ¿´´Ù. ºÒÇàÇÏ°Ôµµ, ¾ÆÁ÷ °Ü¿ì 40´ë Áß¹ÝÀε¥µµ 3±â ¸Åµ¶¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ °ÅÀÇ È®½ÇÈ÷ »ý±â´Â º´ÀÎ Á¤½Åº´À¸·Î ¾²·¯Á³´Ù. ±×´Â 1900³â »ç¸ÁÇÒ ¶§±îÁö Àý¸ÁÀûÀÎ (Ä¡À¯ÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ¾ø´Â) Á¤½Åº´ »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù; ±×·¡¼­ ºñ·Ï 1890³â´ë¸¦ °ÅÄ¡¸é¼­ ±×ÀÇ ¸í¼ºÀº ±¹Á¦ÀûÀÌ µÇ¾úÁö¸¸ ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀº ±× »ç½ÇÀ» ¸ð¸£°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù(oblivious: °¨ÁöÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â, °Ç¸ÁÁõÀÌ ÀÖ´Â).
  
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