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FREEDOM ±³¾ç¿µ¾î(142): Socrates-1

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  -The masterly interrogator
  
  Socrates was the first great Greek philosopher to be Athenian by birth, and he lived in what has been called that city's golden age. He was born around 470 BC and died in 399 BC, leaving behind him a wife and three children. As a young man, he studied the then-fashionable philosophies of what are now called the "pre-Socratic philosophers," which in their different ways were trying to understand the natural world around us. Two things above all impressed him about them, both of which he thought were to their disadvantage.
  
  The first was that they were at odds with one another. They were a welter of conflicting theories. And there seemed to be no satisfactory way of deciding between them. They propounded exciting ideas about the world ,but without much apparent regard for critical method; so it was impossible to tell which of them, if any, was true. But his second objection was that it would make little practical difference, even if we could discover which of them were true. What effect did it have on our actual lives to know how far the sun was from the earth, or whether it was the size of the Peloponnese or bigger than the whole world? Our behavior could in no way be affected by such knowledge. What we needed to know was how to conduct our lives and ourselves. For us, the urgent questions were more like: What is good? What is right? What is just? If we knew the answers to those questions it would have a profound effect on the way we lived. £¼Bryan Magee(1998), The Story of Philosophy£¾
  
  -Áú¹®ÀÇ ÓÞÊ«(´ë°¡)
  
  Socrates´Â Athens Ãâ½ÅÀÇ Ã¹ À§´ëÇÑ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚ¿´°í ±× µµ½ÃÀÇ È²±Ý½Ã´ë¶ó°í ºÒ¸®¾î ¿Â ½Ã´ë¿¡ »ì¾Ò¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â 470 BC°æ¿¡ ž¼­ 399 BC¿¡ ¾Æ³»¿Í ¼¼ Àڳฦ ³²±â°í º°¼¼ÇÏ¿´´Ù. û³âÀ̾úÀ» ¶§ ±×´Â °¢°¢ ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¿ì¸® ÁÖº¯ÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬¼¼°è¸¦ ÀÌÇØÇÏ·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇÏ°í ÀÖ´ø, ¿À´Ã³¯ 'Socrates ÀÌÀü öÇÐÀÚµé'À̶ó°í ºÒ¸®¾îÁö´Â, ´ç½Ã À¯ÇàÇÏ´ø öÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀ» °øºÎÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×µé¿¡ °üÇÑ µÎ °³ÀÇ »ç½Ç(things)ÀÌ ±×¿¡°Ô ÀλóÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Âµ¥ ±× µÎ »ç½ÇÀº ±×°Íµé¿¡°Ô (ÀÌÀü öÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ »ç»ó) ºÒ¸®ÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.
  
  Ã¹ ¹ø° »ç½ÇÀº ±× »ç»óµéÀº ¼­·Î °£¿¡ ÀÇ°ßÀÌ ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×°ÍµéÀº »óÈ£ °¥µîÇÏ´Â Çм³ÀÇ µÚ¾ûÅ´(welter)À̾ú´Ù. ±× Çм³µé »çÀ̸¦ °áÆÇÁö¾îÁÙ ¾î¶² ¸¸Á·½º·¯¿î ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ¾ø´Â °Íó·³ º¸¿´´Ù. ±× Çм³µéÀº ¼¼»ó¿¡ °üÇÑ Èï¹ÌÁøÁøÇÑ ¾ÆÀ̵ð¾î¸¦ Á¦½ÃÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸ ºñÆÇÀû ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸í¹éÇÑ ¹è·Á°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù; ±×µé Áß¿¡ ¾î´À °ÍÀÌ ¿ÇÀºÁö, ¿ÇÀº °ÍÀÌ ÀÖ´ÙÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×ÀÇ µÎ ¹ø° ¹Ý´ë´Â ¼³È¤ ¿ì¸®°¡ ±×µé ÁßÀÇ ¾î´À °ÍÀÌ ¿Ç´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÑ´Ù ÇÒÁö¶óµµ ½ÇÁúÀûÀÎ Â÷ÀÌ´Â ¾øÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. žçÀÌ Áö±¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸Ö¸® ¶³¾îÁ® ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ȤÀº ±×°ÍÀÌ PeloponneseÀÇ Å©±âÀÎÁö ¾Æ´Ï¸é Àü ¼¼°èº¸´Ù ´õ Å«Áö¸¦ ¾Æ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ½ÇÁ¦ »ýÈ°¿¡ ¹«½¼ ¿µÇâÀ» °¡Á®¿Ã ¼ö Àְڴ°¡? ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÇൿÀº ±×·¯ÇÑ Áö½Ä¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ Á¶±Ýµµ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾Ë ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »î°ú ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Ã³½ÅÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ¼öÇàÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´À³ÄÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ´õ ½Ã±ÞÇÑ ¹®Á¦´Â ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°Àº °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù: ¹«¾ùÀÌ ¼±Àΰ¡? ¹«¾ùÀÌ ¿ÇÀº °ÍÀΰ¡? ¹«¾ùÀÌ Á¤ÀÇÀΰ¡? ¿ì¸®°¡ ±×·¯ÇÑ Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ´äÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÈ´Ù¸é ±×°ÍÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀÇ ¾çÅ¿¡ ½É¿ÀÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä¡°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
  
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  Socrates´Â °í´ë ±×¸®½º µµ½Ã±¹°¡ ¾ÆÅ׳×ÀÇ È²±Ý½Ã´ë¿¡ »ì¾Ò¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â û³âÀ̾úÀ» ¶§ ¿À´Ã ³¯ 'Socrates ÀÌÀü öÇÐÀÚµé'À̶ó°í ºÒ¸®¾îÁö´Â ´ç´ë öÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀ» °øºÎÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ´ç´ë öÇÐÀÇ °ø¸®°ø·ÐÀûÀÎ °æÇâ¿¡ ¹Ý±â¸¦ µé°í ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Çൿ¿¡ Á÷Á¢ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Áö½ÄÀ» Ž±¸ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾Ë ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »î°ú ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÇൿÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ¼öÇàÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´À³ÄÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ´õ ½Ã±ÞÇÑ ¹®Á¦´Â ¡°¹«¾ùÀÌ ¼±Àΰ¡? ¹«¾ùÀÌ ¿ÇÀº °ÍÀΰ¡? ¹«¾ùÀÌ Á¤ÀÇÀΰ¡?¡±ÀÌ¸ç ¿ì¸®°¡ ±×·¯ÇÑ Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ´äÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÈ´Ù¸é ±×°ÍÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀÇ ¾çÅ¿¡ ½É¿ÀÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä¡°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.(°è¼Ó)
  
  
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