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FREEDOM ±³¾ç¿µ¾î(143): Socrates-2

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  Socrates did not think he knew the answers to these questions. But he saw that no one else knew them either. When the oracle at Delphi declared him to be the wisest of men, he thought this could mean only that he alone knew that he did not know anything. There was no such at that time as securely based knowledge about the world of human affairs either.
  
  So he went around Athens raising the basic questions of morality and politics with anyone who would listen to him. Such was the interest of the discussions he raised¡ªand he was obviously a charismatic personality as well¡ªthat people gathered round him wherever he went, especially the eager young. His procedure was always the same. He would take some concept that was fundamental to our lives and ask, "What is friendship?," or "What is courage?," or "What is religious piety?" He would challenge a person who thought he knew the answer, and then subject that answer to examination by asking the person a series of searching questions about it.
  
  For instance, if the person claimed that courage was essentially the capacity to endure, Socrates might say, "But what about obstinacy, then? Obstinate people can show extraordinary persistence, and therefore endurance. Is that courage? Is it even admirable? And so the other person would be driven to retract his answer, or at least qualify it. Under interrogation it always emerged that the original answer was defective. This showed that although that interlocutor¡ªand what is more the bystanders¡ªhad thought they knew what, let us say, "courage" was, actually they did not.£¼Bryan Magee(1998), The Story of Philosophy£¾
  
  Socrates´Â ÀÌ·± Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ´äÀ» ¾È´Ù°í´Â »ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µµ ÇØ´äÀ» ¸ð¸¥´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾Ò´Ù. DelphiÀÇ ½ÅŹÀÌ ±×°¡ »ç¶÷µé Áß¿¡¼­ °¡Àå Çö¸íÇÏ´Ù°í ¼±¾ðÇÏ¿´À» ¶§, ±×´Â ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±×¸¸ÀÌ ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¶§´Â Àΰ£ ¼¼»ó»ç¿¡ °üÇؼ­ È®½ÇÇÑ ±Ù°Å¿¡ ¹ÙÅÁÀ» µÐ Áö½Ä °°Àº ±×·± Áö½Ä ¶ÇÇÑ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.
  
  ±×·¡¼­ ±×´Â ±×¿¡°Ô ±Í¸¦ ±â¿ïÀÌ´Â ¶æÀÌ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷Àº ´©±¸ÇÏ°íµµ µµ´ö°ú Á¤Ä¡¿¡ °üÇÑ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇÔ²² Á¦±âÇϸ鼭 Athens¸¦ µ¹¾Æ´Ù³æ´Ù. ±×°¡ Á¦±âÇÑ Åä·ÐÀÇ Àç¹Ì°¡ Çϵµ ¸¹¾Æ¼­¡ª ±×¸®°í ±×´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ºÐ¸íÈ÷ Ä«¸®½º¸¶ÀûÀÎ Àι°À̾ú´Ù¡ª±×°¡ °¡´Â °÷¸¶´Ù »ç¶÷µéÀÌ, ƯÈ÷ ¿­¼ºÀûÀÎ ÀþÀºÀ̵éÀÌ, ¸ð¿©µé¾ú´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ÀýÂ÷(Åä·ÐÁøÇà)´Â Ç×»ó µ¿ÀÏÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »î¿¡ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ ¾î¶² °³³äÀ» ÅÃÇÏ¿© ¡°¿ìÁ¤Àº ¹«¾ùÀԴϱî?,¡± ȤÀº ¡°¿ë±â´Â ¹«¾ùÀԴϱî?,¡± ȤÀº ¡°Á¾±³Àû ½Å¾ÓÀº ¹«¾ùÀԴϱî?¡±¶ó°í Áú¹®ÇÏ°ï ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ÇØ´äÀ» ¾È´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô µµÀüÀ» ÇÏ°í ±×·¯°í ³ª¼­ ±× ÇØ´ä(it)¿¡ °üÇÑ ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ Å½±¸ÀûÀÎ Áú¹®À» ±× »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ÇÔ¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ ÇØ´äÀ» Á¡°ËÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù(subject:º¹Á¾½ÃÅ°´Ù, °Þ°Ô ÇÏ´Ù).
  
  ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î¼­, ¸¸¾à ±× »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¿ë±â´Â º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î Àγ»ÇÏ´Â ´É·ÂÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù¸é Socrates´Â ¡°±×·¸´Ù¸é ¿Ï°íÇÑ ¾ðÇà¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â ¹¹¶ó°í ÇÒ °ÍÀԴϱî?¡±¶ó°í ¸»ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿Ï°íÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº Ưº°ÇÑ ²ö´öÁü(persistence:°íÁý, Áö¼Ó¼º, Àγ»·Â)À», ±×·¡¼­ Àγ»·ÂÀ» º¸¿©ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ ¿ë±âÀΰ¡? ±×°ÍÀÌ ½ÉÁö¾î ĪÂù¹ÞÀ» ¸¸ÇÑ°¡? ±×¸®°í ±×·¡¼­ »ó´ë¹æÀº ±×ÀÇ ÇØ´äÀ» Ãë¼ÒÇϰųª ¾Æ´Ï¸é Àû¾îµµ ±× ÇØ´äÀ» ¼öÁ¤(qualify:ÀÚ°ÝÀ» ÁÖ´Ù, Á¦ÇÑÇÏ´Ù, ¿ÏÈ­ÇÏ´Ù, ¼öÁ¤ÇÏ´Ù)Çϵµ·Ï À̲ø¾îÁö°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áú¹®À» ¹Þ´Â »óÅ¿¡¼­´Â ¿ø·¡ÀÇ ÇØ´ä¿¡ °áÇÔÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ Ç×»ó µå·¯³µ´Ù(emerge:³ªÅ¸³ª´Ù, ÆǸíµÇ´Ù). ÀÌ°ÍÀº ±× ´ëÈ­ÀÚ¿Í ¡ª´õ¿íÀÌ ±¸°æ²ÛµéÀº¡ª¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é '¿ë±â'°¡ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡¸¦ ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸ ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â ±×µéÀÌ ¸ô¶ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿© ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.
  
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  Socrates´Â ÀÌ·± Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ´äÀ» ¾È´Ù°í´Â »ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µµ ÇØ´äÀ» ¸ð¸¥´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾Ò´Ù. DelphiÀÇ ½ÅŹÀÌ ±×°¡ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé Áß¿¡¼­ °¡Àå Çö¸íÇÏ´Ù°í ¼±¾ðÇÏ¿´À» ¶§, ±×´Â ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±×¸¸ÀÌ ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¶§´Â Àΰ£ ¼¼»ó»ç¿¡ °üÇؼ­ È®½ÇÇÑ ±Ù°Å¿¡ ¹ÙÅÁÀ» µÐ Áö½Ä °°Àº ±×·± Áö½Ä ¶ÇÇÑ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ Socrates´Â µµ´ö°ú Á¤Ä¡¿¡ °üÇÑ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦¸¦ Á¦±âÇϸ鼭 ¾ÆÅ׳׸¦ µ¹¾Æ´Ù³æ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ Åä·ÐÀº Àç¹ÌÀ־ ±×°¡ °¡´Â °÷¸¶´Ù »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¸ð¿©µé¾ú´Ù. Åä·ÐÀÇ ÀýÂ÷´Â Ç×»ó µ¿ÀÏÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »î¿¡ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ ¾î¶² °³³äÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÏ¿© ¡°¿ìÁ¤Àº ¹«¾ùÀԴϱî?,¡± ȤÀº ¡°¿ë±â´Â ¹«¾ùÀԴϱî?,¡± ȤÀº ¡°Á¾±³Àû ½Å¾ÓÀº ¹«¾ùÀԴϱî?¡±¶ó°í Áú¹®ÇÏ°ï ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ÇØ´äÀ» ¾È´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ Å½±¸ÀûÀÎ Áú¹®À» ÇÏ¿© ½º½º·Î ÇØ´äÀ» Á¡°ËÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î¼­, ¸¸¾à ±× »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¿ë±â´Â º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î Àγ»ÇÏ´Â ´É·ÂÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù¸é Socrates´Â ¡°±×·¸´Ù¸é ¿Ï°íÇÑ ¾ðÇà¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â ¹¹¶ó°í ÇÒ °ÍÀԴϱî?¡±¶ó°í ¸»ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿Ï°íÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº Ưº°ÇÑ ²ö´öÁü(Àγ»·Â)À» º¸¿© ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ ¿ë±âÀΰ¡? ±×°ÍÀÌ ½ÉÁö¾î ĪÂù¹ÞÀ» ¸¸ÇÑ°¡? ±×·¡¼­ »ó´ë¹æÀº ±×ÀÇ ÇØ´äÀ» Ãë¼ÒÇϰųª ¾Æ´Ï¸é Àû¾îµµ ÇØ´äÀ» ¼öÁ¤Çϵµ·Ï À̲ø¾îÁö°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº Áú¹®À» ¹ÞÀº »ç¶÷ÀÌ '¿ë±â'°¡ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡¸¦ ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸ ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â ¸ô¶ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿© ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. (°è¼Ó)
[ 2022-08-11, 09:41 ] Æ®À§ÅÍÆ®À§ÅÍ  ÆäÀ̽ººÏÆäÀ̽ººÏ  ¹ÌÅõµ¥À̹ÌÅõµ¥ÀÌ  ¿äÁò¿äÁò  ³×À̹ö³×À̹ö
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