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FREEDOM ±³¾ç ¿µ¾î (212): 'Devils' (Excerpt) -9:

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  Shigalyov continued:
  
  "Having devoted my energies to the question of social organization in any future society that will replace the present one, I¡¯ve come to the conclusion that all creators of social systems, from ancient times down to our own in 187-, were dreamers, story-tellers and fools, who contradicted themselves and understood absolutely nothing about natural sciene or that strange animal called man. Plato, Rousseau, Fourier, aluminum columns¡ªall that is good for sparrows, not human society. But since the future form of human society is needed right now, when we¡¯re finally ready to take action, in order to forestall any further thought on the subject, I¡¯m proposing my own system of world organization. Here it is!"
  
  he said, tapping his notebook.
  
  "I wanted to expatiate on my book to this meeting as briefly as possible, but I see it¡¯s necessary to provide a great deal of verbal clarification; therefore my entire explication will take at least ten evenings, corresponding to the number of chapters in my book." (Laughter was heard.)
  
  "Moreover, I must declare in advance that my system is not yet complete." (Laughter again)
  
  "I became lost in my own data and my conclusion contradicts the original premiss from which I started. Beginning with the idea of unlimited freedom, I end with unlimited despotism. I must add, however, there can be no other solution to the social problem except mine."
  
  The laughter grew louder and louder, but mainly from the young people and the less committed guests, so to speak. Madame Virginskaya, and the lame teacher looked annoyed.*
  
  "That¡¯s not the point," broke in the lame teacher at last. As a rule he spoke with what looked like a sarcastic smile; consequently, it was difficult to determine whether he was sincere or joking.
  
  "That¡¯s not the point, ladies and gentlemen. Mr Shigalyov is too earnestly devoted to the problem and therefore overly modest. I am familiar with his book. As a final solution to the problem he proposes dividing humanity into two unequal parts. One-tenth will receive personal freedom and unlimited power over the other nin-tenths. The latter must forfeit their individuality and become as it were a herd; through boundless obedience, they will attain, by a series of rebirths, a state of primeval innocence, although they¡¯ll still have to work. The steps proposed by the author for depriving nine-tenths of humanity of their will and for transforming them into a herd through the re-education of entire generations are quite remarkable; they¡¯re founded on data from natural science and are quite logical. One may disagree with some of his conclusions, but it¡¯s hard to doubt the intelligence and knowledge of the author. It¡¯s a pity that his proposal to spend ten evenings listening to his book is so impractical, since we¡¯d hear a great deal that¡¯s of interest."
  
  "Are you really serious?"
  
  Madame Virginskaya asked, turning to the lame teacher in some alarm.
  
  "That man, not knowing what to do with people, relegates nine-tenths of them to slavery? I¡¯ve been suspicious of him for some time."
  
  "You mean your younger brother?" asked the lame teacher.
  
  "Kinship? Are you laughing at me or what?"
  
  "Besides, to work for aristocrats and listen to them as if they were gods¡ªwhy, it¡¯s disgusting!" the female student observed angrily.
  
  "What I am proposing is not disgusting; it¡¯s paradise, paradise on earth¡ªthere can be none other on earth," Shigalyov concluded majestically.
  
  * aluminum columns: a reference to the utopian vision in Vera Pavlona¡¯s fourth dream in Chernyshevsky¡¯s What is to be Done?
  
  Shigalyov´Â °è¼ÓÇÏ¿´´Ù:
  
  "ÇöÀçÀÇ »çȸüÁ¦¸¦ ´ëüÇÒ ¹Ì·¡ »çȸÀÇ »çȸüÁ¦ÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ³ªÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ ½ñ¾Æ ºÎÀ¸¸é¼­ ³ª´Â »çȸÁ¦µµÀÇ ¸ðµç â½ÃÀÚµéÀº, °í´ë¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ ¿À´Ã³¯ 187- ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡ À̸£±â ±îÁö, ÀÚ¿¬°úÇÐÀ̳ª »ç¶÷À̶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â Àú ÀÌ»óÇÑ µ¿¹°¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â ¾Æ¹« °Íµµ Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØ ¸øÇÏ´Â ¸ù»ó°¡µéÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, À̾߱â²ÛµéÀÌ°í ¹Ùº¸µéÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, í»Ê«ÓÕó·(ÀÚ°¡´çÂø)ÀûÀ̾ú´Ù´Â °á·Ð¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. Plato¿Í Rousseau¿Í Fourier¿Í À¯ÅäÇǾơªÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀº Àΰ£ »çȸ°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ Âü»õ¶¼¿¡°Ô³ª ÇØ´çµÇ´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Àΰ£ »çȸÀÇ ¹Ì·¡ ÇüÅ°¡ Áö±Ý ´çÀå ÇÊ¿äÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡, ¿ì¸®´Â ¸¶Ä§³» ÇൿÇÒ Áغñ°¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ¶§¿¡, º» ÁÖÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¸´Ù ±íÀº »ý°¢À» ¹Ì¸® ¸»Çϱâ À§Çؼ­ Àú´Â ¼¼°è±â±¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àú ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Ã¼Á¦¸¦ Á¦¾ÈÇÏ´Â ¹ÙÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ°ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù!"¶ó°í ±×´Â ³ëÆ®ºÏÀ» Ä¡¸é¼­ ¸»ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
  
  "Àú´Â °¡´ÉÇÑ ÇÑ °£´ÜÇÏ°Ô ¿©·¯ºÐ¿¡°Ô ³ªÀÇ Ã¥¿¡ °üÇØ ¼³¸íÇϱ⸦ ¿øÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸ ¸¹Àº ¾ð¾îÀû ¼³¸íÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÕ´Ï´Ù: ±×·¡¼­ Àüü ¼³¸íÀº ÀúÀÇ Ã¥ÀÇ íñ(Àå)ÀÇ ¼ö¿¡ ¸ÂÃ߾ Àû¾îµµ ¿­ °³ÀÇ ¹ãÀ» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÒ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù"(¿ôÀ½¼Ò¸®°¡ µé·È´Ù)
  
  "´õ±¸³ª, ÀúÀÇ Ã¼Á¦´Â ¾ÆÁ÷ ¿Ï¼ºµÇÁö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹Ì¸® ¼±¾ðÇؾ߰ڽÀ´Ï´Ù." (´Ù½Ã ¿ôÀ½¼Ò¸®)
  
  "Àú´Â Àú ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ µ¥ÀÌÅÍ ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ±æÀ» ÀÒ¾ú°í ±×·¡¼­ ÀúÀÇ °á·ÐÀº Àú°¡ ½ÃÀÛÇÒ ¶§ ¸»ÇÑ ¿ø·¡ÀÇ ÀüÁ¦¿Í ¸ð¼øÀÌ µË´Ï´Ù. Àú´Â ¹«Á¦ÇÑÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ »ç»óÀ¸·Î ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸ ¹«Á¦ÇÑÀÇ µ¶ÀçÁ¤Ä¡·Î ³¡³ª°Ô µË´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª »çȸ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ³ªÀÇ ÇØ°áÃ¥ ¿Ü¿¡´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² ÇØ°áÃ¥µµ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» µ¡ºÙ¿© ¸»ÇÕ´Ï´Ù."
  
  ¿ôÀ½¼Ò¸®°¡ Á¡Á¡ ´õ Å©°Ô ³µÁö¸¸ ÁÖ·Î ÀþÀº »ç¶÷µé°ú º¸´Ù ´ú ¿­¼ºÀûÀÎ ¼Õ´Ôµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¿Ô¾ú´Ù, ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é. Madame Virginskaya¿Í ±× Àý¸§¹ßÀÌ ±³»ç´Â ºÒÄèÇÑ °Íó·³ º¸¿´´Ù.
  
  "±×°ÍÀÌ ¿äÁ¡ÀÌ ¾Æ´Õ´Ï´Ù,"¶ó°í ¸¶Ä§³» ±× Àý¸§¹ßÀÌ ±³»ç°¡ Âü°ßÇÏ¿´´Ù. ´ëüÀûÀ¸·Î ±×´Â ³Ã¼ÒÀûÀÎ ¹Ì¼Ò¸¦ ÁöÀ¸¸ç ¸»ÇÏ¿´´Ù; ±× °á°ú, ±×ÀÇ ¸»ÀÌ ÁøÁöÇÑÁö ¾Æ´Ï¸é ³óÀ» ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´ÂÁö¸¦ ºÐº°ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾î·Á¿ü´Ù. ¡®½Å»ç ¼÷³à ¿©·¯ºÐ, ±×°ÍÀÌ ¿äÁ¡ÀÌ ¾Æ´Õ´Ï´Ù. Mr Shigalyov´Â ±× ¹®Á¦¿¡ ³Ê¹« ÁøÁöÇÏ°Ô Çå½ÅÇØ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ Áö³ªÄ¡°Ô °â¼ÕÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Àú´Â ÀÌ Ã¥°ú Ä£ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ±× ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÃÖÁ¾ÀûÀÎ ÇØ°áÃ¥À¸·Î¼­ ±×´Â Àηù¸¦ µÎ °³ÀÇ ºÒÆòµîÇÑ Áý´ÜÀ¸·Î ³ª´­ °ÍÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇÏ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. 10ºÐÀÇ 1Àº ¹«Á¦ÇÑÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ °¡Áö°í ³ª¸ÓÁö 10ºÐÀÇ 9º¸´Ù´Â ¹«Á¦ÇÑÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀ» °¡Áö°Ô µË´Ï´Ù. ÈÄÀÚ´Â ±×µéÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ» ¹ÚÅ»´çÇÏ°í ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é °¡Ã඼°¡ µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù; ¹«Á¦ÇÑÀÇ º¹Á¾À» ÅëÇؼ­, ±×µéÀº ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ Àç»ý °úÁ¤¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­, ºñ·Ï ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ³ëµ¿À» ÇØ¾ß ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¿ø½ÃÀû ¼ø¼öÀÇ »óŸ¦ ȹµæÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÀúÀÚ°¡ Á¦¾ÈÇÏ´Â ÀηùÀÇ 10ºÐÀÇ 9·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×µéÀÇ ëòò¤(ÀÇÁö)¸¦ ¹ÚÅ»ÇÏ°í Àüü ¼¼´ëÀÇ Àç±³À°À» ÅëÇؼ­ ±×µéÀ» °¡ÃàÀ¸·Î º¯ÇüÇϱâ À§ÇÑ Á¶Ä¡´Â ´ë´ÜÈ÷ ¶Ù¾î³­ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù; ±× Á¶Ä¡µéÀº ÀÚ¿¬°úÇп¡¼­ ³ª¿Â ÀÚ·á¿¡ ±Ù°Å¸¦ µÎ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¸Å¿ì ³í¸®ÀûÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×ÀÇ °á·ÐÀÇ ÀϺο¡´Â µ¿ÀÇÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸ ÀúÀÚÀÇ ÁöÀû´É·Â°ú Áö½ÄÀ» ÀǽÉÇϱâ´Â ¾î·Æ½À´Ï´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â Èï¹Ì ÀÖ´Â ³»¿ëÀ» ¸¹ÀÌ µéÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡ ±×ÀÇ Ã¥ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» ¸ðµÎ µè±â À§Çؼ­ 10ÀÏ ¹ãÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â ±×ÀÇ Á¦¾ÈÀÌ ³Ê¹«³ª ºñÇö½ÇÀûÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Ö¼®ÇÑ ÀÏÀÔ´Ï´Ù."
  
  "´ç½ÅÀº Á¤¸»·Î Áø½ÉÀ̽ʴϱî?"¶ó°í Madame Virginskaya´Â ´Ù¼Ò ³î¶ó¿öÇÏ¸ç ±× Àý¸§¹ßÀÌ ±³»ç¸¦ ÇâÇϸ鼭 ¹°¾ú´Ù.
  
  "Àú »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀιÎÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ´Ù·ç¾î¾ß ÇÒÁö¸¦ ¸ô¶ó¼­ 10ºÐÀÇ 9ÀÇ ÀιÎÀ» ³ë¿¹·Î °ÝÇϽÃŲ´Ù? ³ª´Â ¾ó¸¶ µ¿¾È ±×¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ÀǽÉÀ» Ç°°í ÀÖ¾ú¾î¿ä."
  
  "´ç½ÅÀº ´ç½ÅÀÇ ³²µ¿»ýÀ» ÀǹÌÇմϱî?"¶ó°í Àý¸§¹ßÀÌ ±³»ç°¡ ¹°¾ú´Ù.
  
  "ģôÀ̶ó°í¿ä? ´ç½ÅÀº Àú¸¦ ºñ¿ô°í ÀÖ¾î¿ä? ¾Æ´Ï¸é ¹¹¿¹¿ä?"
  
  "»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±ÍÁ·À» À§Çؼ­ ³ëµ¿À» ÇÏ°í ¸¶Ä¡ ±×µéÀÌ ½ÅÀÎ °Íó·³ ±×µéÀÇ ¸»À» µé¾î¾ßÇÏ°í¡ª¾îÀ̱¸, ¿ª°Ü¿ö!"¶ó¸ç ±× ¿©ÇлýÀÌ È­¸¦ ³»¸ç ¸»ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
  
  "Á¦°¡ Á¦¾ÈÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¿ª°ãÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù; ±×°ÍÀº õ±¹ÀÔ´Ï´Ù, Áö»ó õ±¹ÀÔ´Ï´Ù¡ªÁö±¸»ó¿¡´Â ´Ù¸¥ °ÍÀº ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù,"¶ó°í Shigalyov´Â À§¾öÀÖ°Ô °á·ÐÀ» ³»·È´Ù.
  
  * Çؼ³
  
  'äÂÖÄ'ÀÇ Ç³Åä´Â ÀǽÉÇÒ ¹Ù ¾øÀÌ Á¾¸»·ÐÀû(apocalyptic)ÀÌ´Ù. ¿äÇÑ°è½Ã·Ï¿¡¼­Ã³·³ ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ Àç¾ÓµéÀÌ von Lembke Áö»ç ºÎÀÎÀÌ ÁÖµµÇÏ´Â ´ëÃàÁ¦ÀÇ ÃÖÁ¾ÀûÀÎ Æĸê°ú ±× ¿©Æĸ¦ ´ã°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ µ¹¹ßÇÏ´Â ¹æÈ­¿Í ÄÝ·¹¶ó´Â ÃÖÈÄÀÇ ½ÉÆÇ(the Last Judgement)¿¡ µ¿¹ÝÇÏ´Â ºÒ°ú æ¹Ü»(¿ªº´)ÀÇ Àç¾ÓÀ» ¿¬»ó½ÃŲ´Ù. ÀÛ°¡ Karmazinov´Â ¼­ºÎ À¯·´ÀÇ ¼è¸ÁÀ» ¹Ùºô·ÐÀÇ ¸í¸Á°ú ºñ±³ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ±×¸®°í Kirillov´Â Å»¿Á¼ö Fedka¿¡°Ô ¹ã¿¡ ¿äÇÑ°è½Ã·ÏÀ» ÀоîÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í °í¹éÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¼Ò¼³ÀÇ Á¾¸»·ÐÀû ºÐÀ§±â¸¦ ÍÔðÍ(°íÁ¶)½ÃŲ´Ù. ´õ¿íÀÌ ¡°´õ ÀÌ»ó ½Ã°£ÀÌ ¾øÀ» °Í¡±ÀÌ¸ç ¿¾ Çϴðú ¶¥Àº ÀÌÁ¦ »õ·Î¿î Çϴðú ¶¥¿¡ Ç׺¹ÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â °è½Ã·ÏÀÇ °æ°í´Â ±âÀÌÇÏ°Ôµµ KirilovÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½(±×°¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸ñ¼ûÀ» ²÷°í Àΰ£ÀÇ ½Å°ÝÈ­°¡ ¼±Æ÷µÇ¸é ½Ã°£ÀÌ µ¿°áµÇ°í Àΰ£ÀÇ »îÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ½Ã´ë°¡ ½ÃÀÛÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â)¼Ó¿¡ ÍìÙ°(°ø¸í)µÈ´Ù.
  
  ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¾¸»·ÐÀû ÍØðà(°îÁ¶)´Â 'äÂÖÄ'ÀÇ Áß½ÉÀûÀÎ Àι°µéÀ̳ª ÁÖ¿ä »óȲ¸¸ ¿¬ÁÖÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¼Ò¼³¿¡ ³ª¿À´Â ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ÀϹÝÀûÀΠdzÅä´Â Á¾¸»·ÐÀûÀ̸ç ÀÌ·± µµ´öÀû È¥¶õÀº ÅëÀÏÀûÀÎ ¹ÏÀ½ÀÌ °á¿©µÈ ½Ã´ëÀÇ Áö¹èÀûÀΠƯ¡ÀÌ´Ù. Peter Verkhovensky´Â Stavrogin¿¡°Ô ´ç´ëÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ µµ´öÀû È¥¶õ°ú Á¤½ÅÀû ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤(rootlessness)À» ÀÚ¼¼È÷ ¹¦»çÇϸ鼭 À̵éÀ» ±Ç·Â Àå¾ÇÀ» À§ÇÑ µµ±¸·Î È°¿ëÇÏ°Ú´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù:
  
  ¡´µé¾îº¸¼¼¿ä¡¦¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ¹Ì ´ë´ÜÈ÷ °­·ÂÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Æ½Ê´Ï±î? ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¼ÓÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº¡¦´ÜÁö »ìÀÎÇÏ°í ºÒ Áö¸£´Â »ç¶÷µé¸¸ ¾Æ´Õ´Ï´Ù. µé¾îº¸¼¼¿ä, ³ª´Â À̵éÀ» ¸ðµÎ °è»êÇØ º¸¾Ò¾î¿ä: Çлýµé°ú ÇÔ²² ãêÀ» ºñ¿ô°í ¶Ç ¾ÆÀ̵éÀ» Å°¿î ºÎ¸ðµéÀ» ºñ¿ô´Â ¼±»ýµéÀÌ ÀÌ¹Ì ¿ì¸®ÀÇ °ÍÀÌ µÇ¾ú¾î¿ä. ±³À°¹ÞÀº »ìÀιüÀÌ ÇÇ»ìÀÚº¸´Ù ¸Ó¸®°¡ ´õ °³¹ßµÇ¾îÀÖ°í µ·À» ±¸Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© Á×ÀÏ ¼ö¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù°í ¼Ò¸®Ä¡´Â ±× »ìÀιüÀ» º¯È£ÇÏ´Â º¯È£»çµµ ÀÌ¹Ì ¿ì¸® »ç¶÷ÀÌ µÇ¾îÀÖ¾î¿ä. »ìÀÎÀÇ ÀüÀ²À» °æÇèÇϱâ À§ÇØ ³óºÎ¸¦ »ìÇØÇÑ ÇлýµéÀÌ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ °ÍÀÌ¿¡¿ä. ¹«Â÷º°ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹üÁËÀÚ¸¦ ¹«ÁË·Î ÆÇÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¹è½É¿øµéµµ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ °ÍÀÌ¿¡¿ä. º¸´Ù ´õ ¸®¹ö·²ÇÏÁö ¸øÇؼ­ ¹ýÁ¤¿¡¼­ ¹ú¹ú ¶³°í ÀÖ´Â °Ë»çµµ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ °ÍÀÌ¿¡¿ä, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ °ÍÀÌ¿¡¿ä. ÇàÁ¤°üµé, ÀÛ°¡µé, ¿À! ÀÌ·± »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿ì¸®µé Áß¿¡´Â ³Ê¹«³ª ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÖ¾î¿ä, ±×¸®°í ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀº ÀÌ°ÍÀ» ¸ð¸£°í ÀÖ¾î¿ä. ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î´Â Çлýµé°ú ¹Ùº¸µéÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡ ¼øÁ¾ÇÒ ¸¶À½ÀÇ Áغñ°¡ ÃÖ°íÁ¡¿¡ ´ÞÇØ ÀÖ¾î¿ä¡¦ ´©´õ±â °°ÀÌ ÃʶóÇÏ°í ÀÌ¹Ì ¸¸µé¾î ³õÀº ±â¼ºÇ° »ç»óÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀ» ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸¹ÀÌ È®º¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö¸¦ ¾Ë°í³ª ÀÖ½À´Ï±î?¡µ
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