Outdated Concept of "Guilt by Association" Applied to President
(1) Difference Between Watergate and Choi Soon-sil Scandals

Kim Pyung-woo     ÇÊÀÚÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ±â»çº¸±â 

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Watergate was a criminal indictment adhering to due process. But Choi Soon-sil gate is outdated method of targeting President Park Geun-hye through guilt by association by using Choi Soon-sil¡¯s alleged corruption scandal as excuse.

by Kim Pyung-woo (Attorney and former head of Korean Bar Association)

 

After the Choi Soon-sil gate was reported in October of last year and hordes of candle-light protesters gathered in downtown Seoul calling on Park to step down, almost all news media organizations featured interviews with so-called experts on U.S. history to compare the scandal to Watergate. Some even contributed writings to newspapers recommending the president to step down voluntarily as U.S. President Richard Nixon did when Watergate broke out in 1974 resulting in the commencement of impeachment proceedings. I have lived in the U.S. for only seven years, including my time there as a student. But I spent the entire period in the U.S. either at school or at a law firm comparing and researching U.S. and Korean constitutional law and litigation. As a result, I believe I have the credentials to comment on this subject.

 

Let¡¯s first look at the Watergate scandal. Richard Nixon, the 37th president of the U.S., ran for the top office as a Republican Party candidate in 1968 and in November of 1972, defeating Democratic Party candidate George McGovern by a wide margin to be re-elected (won 520 electoral college votes and grabbed 61 percent of popular votes marking the largest number of votes in U.S. presidential elections at that time). In June of 1972, when the election campaign was in full swing, former CIA officers E. Howard Hunt and James McCord were caught burgling the Democratic National Committee's headquarters at the Watergate Complex in Washington, D.C.—ostensibly to photograph campaign documents and install listening devices in telephones. The pleaded guilty in January of 1973 and were sent to prison. The incident did not grab much attention at the time due to election-related news. But a Washington Post reporter wrote an exclusive article citing a credible source claiming that the Nixon re-election campaign (CREEP) was behind the Watergate scandal as well as presidential aides at the White House. The exclusive story turned the entire U.S. upside down.

 

The U.S. was the first country in the world to devise a system where the public elects a president into office. This fair election process to choose a leader marks the alpha and omega of American democracy. It is an American tradition to hold fair presidential elections and to accept the outcome without question and entrust the newly-elected leader with state affairs until his term ends. The U.S. has a two-party system. In other words, the Republican and Democratic parties hold presidential election campaigns. The two parties are not merely political parties. They form the two pillars supporting American democracy. They are legally viewed as state institutions.

 

Yet the election committee of the Republican Party, which forms one of the two pillars of U.S. democracy, attempted to photograph campaign documents and install listening devices in telephones inside the Democratic National Committee's headquarters. This incident was a grave offense that threatened to overturn U.S. national policy. It was a blatant violation of the U.S. constitution and unprecedented in the country¡¯s history. Americans were outraged and held massive protests, which was not surprising to say the least. The focus of attention was on Nixon and his White House aides who denied any knowledge or involvement. The Watergate scandal appeared to be ending with McCord and his team of burglars going to jail along with two CREEP officials who were found guilty of ordering the men to infiltrate the Democratic National Committee¡¯s headquarters.

 

This is the gist of the Watergate scandal in a nutshell. It was a burglary incident at the Watergate building. A lot of Americans were suspicious that the president and his aides may have been involved in the incident. But as long as there was no evidence, it was impossible to seek responsibility. No American news media organization and the public held candle-light protests demanding Nixon to step down. This is where the U.S. and Korean news media, politicians and public differ. As long as there was no objective evidence linking Nixon and his aides to the Watergate scandal, nobody held them legally responsible. Americans were fully aware of the fact that an individual is held legally responsible for an offense only after the principle of due process has been observed.

 

When the Korean news media reported that Choi used her close ties to the president tointerfere in the appointment of government officials and meddle in government projects for personal gain, Park confessed that she was completely unaware of such acts and apologized deeply. She also vowed to appoint an independent counsel and to cooperate with him, while promising to take full responsibility if any wrongdoing is discovered. She was displaying model behavior seen among all past presidents in the face of corruption scandals involving aides. Korea¡¯s Constitution also ensures that no individual will be punished without due process.

 

But the Korean news media, National Assembly and candle-light protesters held the president responsible for the Choi Soon-sil scandal even though there was no evidence connecting Park. They accused the president of delivering an ¡°insincere apology¡± or that her amends were ¡°too brazen¡± and ¡°disappointing.¡± Suddenly, the focus of attacks shifted from Choi to the president. Rather than seeking to punish Choi, they demanded that Park step down or be impeached.

 

Candle-light protesters demanding the ouster of the president converged regularly in central Seoul for around two months. The news media and opposition parties also unveiled their true intentions. From the beginning, the Choi Soon-sil gate was an excuse to drive the president out of office through guilt by association and grab power for themselves. Guilt by association was originally included in the Chosun dynasty constitution. If somebody committed high treason, not only that individual but his immediate family and the family of his wife, as well as relatives and even distant kin were held responsible by guilt by association and either put to death or banished. Their assets were confiscated and incorporated into the royal coffers or meted out as rewards to whistle blowers. The wives and children of the guilty were divided as spoils to be shared by the winners of the power struggle. It was a truly primitive form of punishment (seen nowadays in North Korea). The factional feuds seen during the Chosun dynasty stemmed from the principle of guilt by association. In those days, marriages took place based on family ties and members of a particular faction were intertwined by marital ties. As a result, one member being found guilty of high treason led to the entire faction facing its downfall through guilt by association. This is the nature of the factional feuds that led to the downfall of the Chosun dynasty.

 

The Minjoo Party, the news media and candle-light protesters, which pride themselves on their progressive policy stance, are engaged in a factional feud reminiscent of the Chosun dynasty by seeking to oust the president through guilt by association and grab power. Let us assume that the Grand National Party had attempted to do the same thing to President Kim Dae-jung when his three sons and aides were accused of receiving hundreds of billions of won in bribes, demanding Kim¡¯s apology and having him read out loud a letter like what Park did. Would the Minjoo Party, news media, bar association and scholars stood still if the GNP had demanded that Kim¡¯s apology was too weak, holding him responsible through guilt by association and staging massive candle-light protests? Wouldn¡¯t those groups have been outraged by the very mention of guilt by association? They would have accused the GNP of engaging in North Korean-style tactics and called for punitive measures. Yet those very politicians, news media, lawyers and scholars are holding Park responsible through guilt by association, simply because she is a member of a rival political party and staging candle-light protests demanding her resignation or impeachment. If this is not the face of Chosun dynasty factional feuding, then what is? This is why I refuse to call the so-called progressives in Korea progressive. They are not progressive at all. They are not conservatives either. They simply reinterpreted Chosun dynasty practices into a modern day context and claim it is democracy. They have no idea of due process, rule of law or justice.

 

In conclusion, the Watergate scandal was a major political crime that rattled the very foundations of America¡¯s two-party politics and fair elections, which are considered hallowed principles of U.S. democracy. The Choi Soon-sil gate in Korea involves a case of corruption endemic to Korea in which a close confidante of the president used her ties to Park to obtain personal wealth. This is something that has been repeatedly seen during the 500-year history of the Chosun dynasty and has also been common since the establishment of the Republic of Korea.

Watergate was clearly a criminal offense (burglary, theft and wiretapping) with all individuals involved confessing to their guilt and being sent to prison. But all of the individuals involved in the Choi Soon-sil gate are denying charges. The case is currently being tried in court so we must not assume that any of them are guilty. If the court rules in favor of their innocence, what will happen? Will the scores of media reports and protests we¡¯ve seen so far have been in vain? If so, how embarrassing will that be?

 

Lastly, the Watergate scandal was revealed following an exclusive article written objectively by a Washington Post journalist based on credible information provided by an informant (deep throat who was later revealed to have been the vice director of the FBI). It was not a biased article written specifically to oust Nixon. In the Choi Soon-sil gate, almost all of Korea¡¯s news media simultaneously and concertedly used the term ¡°monopolization of state affairs,¡± which belongs in the Chosun dynasty, to describe the alleged offenses. The flurry of reports that took place like clockwork all took on the same biased, exaggerated and one-sided perspective. The target was the president from the onset.

 

Watergate ended in criminal charges and punitive measures according to due process. But the Choi Soon-sil gate involves an attempt to snare the president through guilt by association. This is the fundamental difference between the two scandals. So-called experts in U.S. affairs who are seeking Park¡¯s resignation by comparing her to Nixon appear to have no idea what the Choi Soon-sil gate involves.

 

Jan. 11, 2017

 


 

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(2017.1.11.)

 


Ãâó : Translated by Simon Lim
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