Nixon Tried for Own Transgressions, Park Tried for Transgressions of Confidante¡¦
(2) Difference Between Watergate and Choi Soon-sil Scandals

Kim Pyung-woo     ÇÊÀÚÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ±â»çº¸±â 

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Korean news media and so-called experts on U.S. affairs who are calling on President Park Geun-hye to step down voluntarily are either ignorant about U.S. President Richard Nixon¡¯s impeachment and Park¡¯s impeachment proceedings or they are out to deceive the president.

by Kim Pyung-woo (Attorney and former head of Korean Bar Association)

Everyone knows that Richard Nixon is the only U.S. president who resigned from office in the face of almost certain impeachment following the Watergate scandal. However, Nixon managed to escape the humiliation of being the first American president to be impeached. Korean news media claim that President Park Geun-hye could also avoid the humiliation of impeachment if she steps down voluntarily. How considerate of them. All of these so-called experts on U.S. affairs are all echoing such sentiments. But such talk is no different than the shallow marketing gimmicks frequently used by fraudsters selling different products by wrapping them in similar-looking packages.

Nixon did not resign due to the Watergate scandal involving the wiretapping of political opponents. Nixon was forced to step down in the midst of an impeachment proceeding that was launched after he refused to cooperate in an investigation by Congress into his alleged involvement in the scandal as well as possible roles played his White House aides, obstructing the probe and ordering the destruction of evidence. In other words, Nixon resigned due to his own transgressions. Park was impeached not due to her own transgressions, but by being labeled as an accomplice to the corruption and influence-peddling activities of a close confidante simply due to guilt by association.

Let us take a look at Nixon¡¯s Watergate scandal. The U.S. House of Representatives began a full-fledged investigation in December of 1973 into the roles played by Nixon and his aides. That was more than a year after the Watergate burglary incident. The head of the House of Representatives instructed the judiciary committee to investigate the case after receiving tons of tip-offs and other leads from the public. And in February of 1974, the House of Representatives voted to launch a formal investigation. In May of that same year, the judiciary committee issued a subpoena for transcripts of the 42 recording devices installed within the White House. In the audio recordings, Nixon ordered his aides to delete all of the profane language he was recorded saying in the transcripts. And he declined to submit other portions of the recorded transcripts citing risks to national security.

But the House of Representatives refused to accept edited transcripts and demanded that the White House submit all recordings made since June 12, 1972. The news media was divided. The U.S. Congress was compelled to file a lawsuit against the president. And the Supreme Court made a landmark ruling by unanimous decision on July 24 and ordered Nixon to submit all tapes the House of Representatives was seeking. Nixon had no choice but to hand over the tape recordings. And among the recordings was a conversation between Nixon and his chief of staff, H.R. Haldeman, which took place on June 23, 1972, 11 days after the Watergate burglary. The conversation revealed Nixon agreeing to cover the legal expenses racked up by the suspects who broke into the Democratic National Committee¡¯s headquarters inside the Watergate building and instructing his aides to file a false report that the FBI was behind the infiltration as part of a CIA investigation. After the recording was revealed, Nixon was found to have lied to Congress and to the American public over the past two years by claiming he never attempted to cover up crimes related to the Watergate scandal. As a result, most of Nixon¡¯s Republican supporters ended up turning their backs on him.

On July 27, 1974, the charge of obstruction of justice as a reason for impeachment was passed with 27 supporting it and 11 against it. On July 29, the second charge of abuse of power as a reason for impeachment was passed as well with 28 supporting it and 10 against it. And on July 30, the third charge of contempt of Congress as a reason for impeachment was passed with 21 supporting it and 17 against it. It was only a matter of time before the charges were upheld at a plenary session of the House of Representatives. Nixon inspected the intentions of the members of the Senate. And on August 7, Republican Senator Barry Goldwater, an elder statesman, told Nixon the honest truth that only 11 senators would oppose his impeachment, far short of the 34 needed to dismiss the measure. Nixon gave up on any intention to take on the Senate and announced his resignation on August 9. Vice President Gerald Ford succeeded him. This is the history of Nixon's impeachment and resignation.
 
Let us examine the difference between Nixon's impeachment and Park's impeachment. First, the impeachment process in the U.S. culminates at the Senate. The House of Representatives files the charges and the Senate makes the ruling. U.S. senators are veteran politicians. Not only that, they announce their vote decisions in advance. This is how Nixon was able to verify the Senate's ruling beforehand. In the end, Nixon did not resign simply because he was impeached, but because he had prior knowledge of the outcome of their vote and had no other choice.

In contrast, only the National Assembly has the authority to file charges, while the Constitutional Court makes the ruling. In order for an impeachment bill to be recognized, at least six out of the nine Constitutional Court justices must support it. The Constitutional Court can only announce its ruling after the National Assembly files the charges and an agreement is reached among the judges. The Constitutional Court is in no position to voice its opinion on the matter before a trial takes place. Yet how can critics possibly tell the president to step down as if they already know the verdict of the Constitutional Court even before the National Assembly has filed the charges? Korean journalists and so-called experts on U.S. affairs appear to be under the misunderstanding that the Constitutional Court is a kangaroo court that holds only a perfunctory trial once the National Assembly passes an impeachment bill.

Second, the U.S. has a vice president who assumes leadership if the president is impeached or steps down. The vice president is selected by the president and the two come from the same political party. In other words, the vice president is like the president's shadow. As a result, Ford succeeded Nixon as president and pardoned the former president on September 8, 1974. Nixon was able to step down knowing he would not become the target of a political vendetta.

What about Korea? Let us assume that the president fell for the trap set by the news media and resigned according to their advice. A new presidential election must be held within 60 days, while the prime minister serves as acting president. Chance are extremely high that a progressive, left-wing candidate will be elected on a campaign pledge vowing to hold Park accountable for high treason. It does not take a genius to predict what steps the new president will take to exact revenge on Park. Who would be foolish enough to fall for that trap?
  
Third, it took two years from the Watergate incident on June 12, 1972 until Nixon resigned in August of 1974. During that two-year period, an independent counsel and Congress persistently collected evidence by adhering to due process. In the end, lawmakers even took the president to the Supreme Court to obtain evidence. Although it took a lot of time, the result was formidable. More than 40 of Nixon's aides were arrested for their involvement in covering up the Watergate wiretapping attempt and entered a guilty plea or were convicted. Ford lost in the 1976 presidential election to Jimmy Carter, who pitched a slogan of honest politics. Although it took two years, the power of truth based on due process can be formidable.

It wasn't candle-light protesters that changed America's history. It was the power of truth based on due process. Let us now take a look at the impeachment of Park. The Choi Soon-sil scandal began grabbing headlines in late October of 2016. The National Assembly impeached Park on Dec. 9, 2016. It took less than two months. During that time, the National Assembly did not gather any evidence. All we saw were biased and one-sided reports by journalists. They were all useless information in a court of law. And there was no guarantee of the validity of the news reports. And that consists of the entire trove of evidence presented against Park. The National Assembly knows well that the evidence they presented hold no legal significance.
 
They are not relying on evidence, but are placing their bets on the candle-light protesters and opinion polls. Polls show the public supporting the National Assembly and lawmakers think that is enough to win the impeachment trial. They have no interest whatsoever in the truth. Candles will be extinguished when the wind blows. And public opinion shifts as time goes by. Nothing lasts forever. Will this be enough to get the Constitutional Court to uphold the impeachment bill? I do not think so. And such a thing must not happen.
Fourth, the U.S. Democratic Party sought to impeach Nixon not because it wanted to drive him out and grab power. A Republican vice president would assume control even if Nixon was impeached or resigned. They wanted to impeach Nixon in order to uphold justice in America. They wanted to protect the rule of law in the U.S., which considers the president to be no different than anyone else in front of the law. That is why Senator Peter Rodino, who led the impeachment of Nixon as the head of the House judiciary committee, is said to have cried as he telephoned his wife after the bill was passed by the committee. Rodino is said to have told his wife that he had done a 'sad thing.'
 
Opposition lawmakers in Korea impeached Park for a simple reason. They wanted to drive her out, hold early elections and grab power. That is why they cheered and toasted each other after they ratified the impeachment bill without a shred of concrete evidence. They have no interest in upholding justice or the rule of law and are not interested in ensuring such principles are strengthened. They are only concerned about their party and grabbing power.

This is how the impeachment of Nixon and Park are so different. Just because both leaders faced impeachment, we must not fall victim to the misleading recommendation by the Korean news media and so-called experts in U.S. affairs for Park to step down voluntarily. They are either completely ignorant of Nixon and Park's impeachment or are trying to deceive the president.

Jan. 11, 2017


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ÀÌ·¸°Ô ´Ð½¼ÀÇ ÅºÇÙ°ú ÚÓ ´ëÅë·ÉÀÇ ÅºÇÙÀº ÀüÇô ´Ù¸£´Ù. źÇÙÀ̶õ ±ÛÀÚ°¡ °°À¸´Ï±î ÚÓ ´ëÅë·Éµµ ´Ð½¼ ´ëÅë·Éó·³ ÞöòÅÇ϶ó´Â Çѱ¹ ¾ð·Ð°ú ¼ÒÀ§ ¹Ì±¹ Àü¹®°¡µéÀÇ Ãæ°í´Â ´Ð½¼ÀÇ ÅºÇÙ °úÁ¤°ú ÚÓ ´ëÅë·ÉÀÇ ÅºÇÙ °úÁ¤ ¾î´À ÇÑ Âʵµ Á¦´ë·Î ¸ð¸¥ °ÍÀ̰ųª ¾Æ´Ï¸é ÚÓ ´ëÅë·ÉÀ» ¼ÓÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.  

(2017.1.11.)

Ãâó : Translated by Simon Lim
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