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However, once we understand the nature of the state Rousseau wished to create, his views begin to cohere. It was necessary to replace the existing society by something totally different and essentially egalitarian; but, this done, revolutionary disorder could not be permitted. The rich and the privileged, as the ordering force, would be replaced by the State, embodying the General Will, which all contracted to obey. Such obedience would become instinctive and voluntary since the State, by a systematic process of cultural engineering, would inculcate virtue in all. The State was the father, the patrie, and all its citizens were the children of the paternal orphanage. (Hence the supposedly puzzling remark of Dr Johnson, who cut clean through Rousseau's sophistries, 'Patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel.') It is true that the citizen¡©children, unlike Rousseau's own babies, originally agree to submit to the State/orphanage by freely contracting into it. They thus constitute, through their collective will, its legitimacy, and thereafter they have no right to feel constrained, since, having wanted the laws, they must love the obligations they impose.


Though Rousseau writes about the General Will in terms of liberty, it is essentially an authoritarian instrument, an early adumbration of Lenin's 'democratic centralism'. Laws made under the General Will must, by definition, have moral authority. ¡®The people making laws for itself cannot be unjust.¡¯ ¡®The General Will is always righteous.¡¯ Moreover, provided the State is 'well-intentioned' (i.e., its long¡©term objectives are desirable) interpretation of the General Will can safely be left to the leaders since 'they know well that the General Will always favours the decision most conducive to the public interest.'


±×·¯³ª Rousseau°¡ ¸¸µé±â¸¦ ¿øÇÏ¿´´ø ±¹°¡ÀÇ º»Áú(nature)À» ÀÌÇØÇÏ°Ô µÉ ¶§ ±×ÀÇ °üÁ¡(view)ÀÌ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³ª±â ½ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù. ±âÁ¸»çȸ¸¦ ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ù¸¥, ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ÆòµîÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ±³Ã¼ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿ä Çß¾ú´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ½ÇÇàµÇ¾úÀ» ¶§´Â Çõ¸íÀû ¹«Áú¼­´Â Çã¿ëµÉ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ¸í·ÉÇÏ´Â ¼¼·ÂÀ¸·Î¼­ÀÇ ºÎÀÚ¿Í Æ¯±ÇÃþÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÌ º¹Á¾Çϱâ·Î µ¿ÀÇÇÑ ÃÑÀÇ(General Will: ±¹¹ÎÀÇ ÀÇÁö)¸¦ ±¸ÇöÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ±¹°¡(the State)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ´ëüµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±¹°¡°¡ Á¶Á÷ÀûÀÎ ¹®È­°øÀÛ(cultural engineering) ¹æ¹ý(process)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Àüü ±¹¹Î¿¡°Ô µµ´ö¼ºÀ» ÁÖÀÔÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ º¹Á¾Àº º»´ÉÀûÀÌ°í ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±¹°¡°¡ ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÌ°í Á¶±¹ÀÌ°í ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¸ðµç ½Ã¹ÎÀº ¾Æ¹öÁö °°Àº °í¾Æ¿øÀÇ ÀڽĵéÀ̾ú´Ù. (±×·¡¼­ ¾Æ¸¶µµ RousseauÀÇ ±Ëº¯À» ¸íÄèÇÏ°Ô ÁöÀûÇÑ(cut clean through) Dr JohnsonÀÇ ¡°¾Ç´çÀÇ ÃÖÈÄÀÇ Çdz­Ã³´Â ¾Ö±¹½ÉÀÌ´Ù.¡±¶ó´Â ¸Ó¸®¸¦ ¶òÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â ³íÆòÀÌ ³ª¿ÔÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.) RousseauÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àڽĵé°ú´Â ´Þ¸® ½Ã¹Î-ÀڽĵéÀº ¿ø·¡ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö·Î °è¾àÇÔ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ±¹°¡/°í¾Æ¿ø¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ±×µé(½Ã¹Î-Àڽĵé)Àº Áý´ÜÀÇÁö¸¦ ÅëÇؼ­ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ÇÕ¹ý¼ºÀÇ ±¸¼º¿ä¼Ò°¡ µÇ°í(constitute) ±× ÈÄ¿¡´Â, ±×µéÀÌ ±× ¹ýÀ» ¿øÇß¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ¹ýÀÌ °­Á¦ÇÏ´Â Àǹ«¸¦ »ç¶ûÇØ¾ß Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡, °­Á¦´çÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ´À³¥ ¾î¶² ±Ç¸®µµ ¾ø´Ù.


Rousseau´Â ÀÚÀ¯¶ó´Â Ç¥Çö(terms)À¸·Î ÃÑÀÇ(General Will:ÀιÎÀÇ ¶æ)¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ½èÁö¸¸, ±×°ÍÀº ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î LeninÀÇ ¡®¹ÎÁÖÀû Áß¾ÓÁý±Ç¡¯ÀÇ Ãʱâ îñð¼(ÀüÁ¶)ÀÎ ±ÇÀ§ÁÖÀÇÀû µµ±¸ÀÌ´Ù. ÃÑÀÇ¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ ¸¸µé¾îÁø ¹ýÀº ´ç¿¬È÷(by definition:Á¤ÀÇ¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿©) µµ´öÀû ±ÇÀ§¸¦ °¡Á®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¡®½º½º·Î¸¦ À§ÇØ ¹ýÀ» ¸¸µå´Â ÀιÎÀÌ Á¤ÀÇ·ÓÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.¡¯ ¡®ÃÑÀÇ´Â Ç×»ó ¿Ç´Ù.¡¯ ´õ¿íÀÌ, ±¹°¡°¡ ¡®¼±ÀÇ·Î ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó¸é¡¯ (Áï, ±¹°¡ÀÇ Àå±â¸ñÇ¥´Â ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÏ´Ù) ¡®ÁöµµÀÚµéÀº ÃÑÀÇ°¡ Ç×»ó °ø°øÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ °¡Á®¿À´Â(conductive to:°á°ú¸¦ °¡Á®¿À´Â) °áÁ¤À» ¼±È£ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Àß ¾Ë°í Àֱ⡯ ¶§¹®¿¡ ÃÑÀÇ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çؼ®Àº ¾ÈÀüÇÏ°Ô ÁöµµÀڵ鿡°Ô ¸Ã±æ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.


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Rousseau´Â ±âÁ¸ »çȸ¸¦ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÆòµîÇÑ »çȸ·Î ±³Ã¼ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÒ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿ø½Ã Àΰ£»çȸ´Â °ÅÀÇ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÆòµîÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, ±×·¡¼­ ¿ø½Ã°øµ¿»çȸ´Â Ž¿åÀ» °ÅÀÇ ¸ð¸£´Â °í±ÍÇÑ ¾ß¸¸ÀÎ(noble savage)ÀÇ »çȸ¿´´Âµ¥, »çÀ¯Àç»êÁ¦µµ°¡ »ý±ä ÀÌÈÄ·Î °è±ÞÀÌ »ý±â°í ÂøÃë¿Í Ž¿å°ú ±Ç·Â¿åÀ¸·Î Àΰ£ÀÌ Ãß¾ÇÇÏ°Ô Å¸¶ôÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù°í ´ÜÁ¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù. Àΰ£»çȸ°¡ ¿¡µ§¿¡¼­ Áö¿ÁÀ¸·Î Àü¶ôÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ °è±Þ»çȸ¸¦ ŸÆÄÇÏ°í ÀÚ¿¬À¸·Î µ¹¾Æ°¡¸é, Áï ¿ø½Ã °øµ¿»çȸ·Î ȸ±ÍÇÏ¸é ¿ÏÀüÆòµîÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö°í Àΰ£Àº ´Ù½Ã °í±ÍÇÑ ¾ß¸¸ÀÎÀÇ ¼ø¼ö¸¦ ȸº¹ÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¿´´Ù.


±×´Â ºÎÀÚ¸¦ ¸»»ìÇÏ°í ÀιÎÀÇ ¶æÀ» ´ëÇ¥ÇÏ´Â ±¹°¡°¡ ÀιÎÀ» Áö¹èÇØ¾ß µÈ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. ±¹°¡°¡ Á¶Á÷ÀûÀÎ »çȸ°øÀÛ(social engineering)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Àιο¡°Ô ¿ÏÀüÇÑ µµ´ö¼ºÀ» ÁÖÀÔÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ÀιÎÀÇ ¶æÀº Áï ÃÑÀÇ(General Will)´Â º»´ÉÀûÀÌ°í ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀιÎÀº ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀÎ Áý´ÜÀÇÁö¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ±¹°¡¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÏ¿´±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±¹°¡¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇØ¾ß µÇ°í, ±¹°¡¸¦ »ç¶ûÇØ¾ß µÇ°í, ±¹°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °­Á¦´çÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÒ ±Ç¸®°¡ ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀιÎÀº ÃÑÀǸ¦ ´ëÇ¥ÇÏ´Â ±¹°¡¿¡ ¹«Á¶°Ç º¹Á¾ÇØ¾ß µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ÀιÎÀº ÃÑÀǸ¦ ÁýÇàÇÏ´Â ÁöµµÀÚ¿¡°Ô Àý´ëº¹Á¾ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.


±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±¹°¡´Â ½Ã¹ÎµéÀ» ¾ÆÀÌ·Î Ãë±ÞÇÏ°í ±×µéÀÇ ÈÆÀ°°ú »ç»óÀ» ÅëÁ¦ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯¸é ±×µéÀº ¡®º»¼º(±¹°¡ÀÇ ÅëÁ¦¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹Ù²î¾î¹ö¸° º»¼º)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »çȸÀû »ç¶÷ÀÌ µÇ°í °øµ¿Ã¼¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â ½Ã¹ÎÀÌ µÈ´Ù. »õ·Î¿î Àΰ£À¸·Î »õ·Ó°Ô ž´Ù. Àüü ±¹¹ÎÀÌ ¶È °°Àº Çϳª°¡ µÉ °ÍÀÌ°í ±×µéÀº ÇູÇÒ °ÍÀÌ°í ±×µéÀÇ ÇູÀº °øÈ­±¹ÀÇ ÇູÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.


Rousseau´Â ÀÌ·¸°Ô Çؼ­ 20¼¼±âÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ ¸Á»ó°ú ¾î¸®¼®Àº ÁþµéÀÇ Ã»»çÁøÀ» ÁغñÇß¾ú´Ù. »çȸ°øÇп¡ ÀÇÇØ Àΰ£À» °³Á¶ÇÏ¿© ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¸í·É¿¡ Àý´ëº¹Á¾ÇÏ´Â ½ÅÀΰ£À» ¸¸µå´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ 1¾ï ÀÌ»óÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÇлìÇÑ °ø»êÁÖÀÇ ¾Ç·ÉµéÀº ¸ðµÎ RousseauÀÇ »ç»óÀû ÀÚ¼ÕµéÀ̶ó°í ÇÏ°Ú´Ù.


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