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Once, everyone earned the same wage, did the jobs they were assigned, and kibbutz elders held the purse strings. Now, says Degania's manager, "We are still protecting the weak, but everyone has the responsibility of earning their own living." Some naive kibbutzniks, he says, need to be taught how to open a bank account and use an ATM card. Elders learned a lesson in capitalism that any kid with a lemonade stand could have taught them: the individual works harder for himself than for the collective. Factory output has jumped.


The kibbutz experiment failed for other reasons. Israeli youth felt stifled and left. "Kibbutz life is peaceful and rich," says Koperstein. "But it came at a high price. You gave up individual needs. The idea of having someone telling you what to think, what to study, what work to do-it's like having four walls closing you in." In some kibbutzim (not Degania), children were separated from parents and raised in collective dormitories. Says Gal-Sarai: "Kibbutzniks from the other places are bringing good business to Tel Aviv's shrinks." Koperstein, who was not raised at Degania, recalls the time when, at age 7, he woke from a nightmare in the dorm and ran home through the darkness to be comforted by his parents. "At 3 a.m., the wardens came knocking on the door to bring me back. I couldn't raise my kids that way," he says.


Degania's elders don't consider the departure from socialism a failure. "Many Israelis see us as yet another broken symbol," says the kibbutz manager. "But we don't feel that. For us, it's an evolution. We had to change."


ÇÑ ¶§´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¶È °°Àº ÀÓ±ÝÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò°í ÇÒ´ç¹ÞÀº ÀÏÀ» ÇÏ¿´°í Å°ºÎÃ÷ÀÇ Àå·ÎµéÀÌ µ·ÀÇ °ü¸®¸¦ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. Áö±ÝÀº ¡°¿ì¸®´Â ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ¾àÀÚ¸¦ º¸È£ÇÏ°í ÀÖÁö¸¸ ÀÌ°÷ÀÇ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷Àº ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ý°è¸¦ Ã¥ÀÓÁö°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.¡±¶ó°í DeganiaÀÇ °ü¸®ÀÚ´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ¸î¸îÀÇ ¼øÁøÇÑ kibbutzniks´Â ÀºÇà°èÁ °³¼³ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú ATMÄ«µå »ç¿ë¹æ¹ýÀ» ¹è¿ï ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. Å°ºÎÃ÷ÀÇ Àå·ÎµéÀº ·¹¸ð³×ÀÌµå ¸ÅÁ¡À» ¿î¿µÇÏ´Â ¾ÆÀ̶ó¸é ´©±¸¶óµµ °¡¸£Ä¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ ±³ÈÆ Áï °³ÀÎÀº Áý´Üº¸´Ù´Â ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» À§Çؼ­ ´õ ¿­½ÉÈ÷ ÀÏÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹è¿ü´Ù. °øÀåÀÇ »ý»ê·®ÀÌ ²±Ãæ ¶Ù¾ú´Ù.


Å°ºÎÃ÷ÀÇ ½ÇÇèÀº ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ÀÌÀ¯·Îµµ ½ÇÆÐÇÏ¿´´Ù. À̽º¶ó¿¤ÀÇ ÀþÀºÀ̵éÀº Áú½ÄÇÒ °Í °°Àº ´À³¦ÀÌ µé¾î¼­ Å°ºÎÃ÷¸¦ ¶°³µ´Ù. ¡°Å°ºÎÃ÷ÀÇ »îÀº ÆòÈ­·Ó°í dz¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀº ³ôÀº ´ë°¡¸¦ ÁöºÒÇÏ°í ¾ò´Â °ÍÀ̾ú½À´Ï´Ù. °³ÀÎÀÇ ¿å±¸´Â Æ÷±âÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀ» »ý°¢ÇÏ°í ¹«¾ùÀ» °øºÎÇÏ°í ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇØ¾ß ÇÒÁö¸¦ Áö½ÃÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ý°¢¡ª±×°ÍÀº »ç¹æ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â º®ÀÌ ´ç½ÅÀ» Á¶¿© ¿À´Â °Í °°Àº ´À³¦ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.¡±¶ó°í Koperstein´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ¾î¶² Å°ºÎÃ÷(Degania´Â ¾Æ´Ô)¿¡¼­´Â ¾ÆÀ̵éÀº ºÎ¸ð·ÎºÎÅÍ °Ý¸®µÇ¾î °øµ¿±â¼÷»ç¿¡¼­ ¾çÀ°µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¡°´Ù¸¥ Å°ºÎÃ÷Ãâ½ÅÀÇ kibbutzniksÀÌ À̽º¶ó¿¤À» À§Ãà½ÃÅ°°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.¡±¶ó°í Gal-Sarai´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. Koperstein(Degania¿¡¼­ ¼ºÀåÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ½)Àº 7¼¼ ¶§¿¡ ±â¼÷»ç¿¡¼­ ¹ã¿¡ ¾Ç¸ù¿¡¼­ ±ú¾î³ª ºÎ¸ðÀÇ À§·Î¸¦ ¹Þ±â À§ÇÏ¿© ¾îµÎ¿ò ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ÁýÀ¸·Î ´Þ·Á°¬´ø ¶§¸¦ ȸ»óÇÑ´Ù. ¡°»õº® 3½Ã¿¡ »ç°¨ÀÌ ³ª¸¦ µ¥·Á°¡±â À§ÇÏ¿© ã¾Æ¿Í¼­ ¿ì¸® Áý ¹æ¹®À» ³ëÅ©ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ³ª´Â ³» ¾ÆÀ̵éÀ» ±×·± ½ÄÀ¸·Î Å°¿ï ¼ö´Â ¾ø¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.¡±¶ó°í ±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.


DeganiaÀÇ Àå·ÎµéÀº »çȸÁÖÀǷκÎÅÍ ÀÌÅ»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ½ÇÆзΠ°£ÁÖÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¡°¸¹Àº À̽º¶ó¿¤ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¿ì¸®¸¦ ¶Ç ÇϳªÀÇ ¸Á°¡Áø »ó¡À¸·Î °£ÁÖÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ±×·¸°Ô »ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù. ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ±×°Í(»çȸÁÖÀǷκÎÅÍ ÀÌÅ»)Àº ÇϳªÀÇ ÁøÈ­ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â º¯ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù.¡±¶ó°í DeganiaÀÇ °ü¸®ÀÚ´Â ¸»ÇÏ¿´´Ù.



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