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The leading poet of English of the period, W. B. Yeats, shifted direction in his own poetic development in response to his reading of Nietzsche. Among German poets Rainer Maria Rilke and Stefan George were influenced by Nietzsche, as were Thomas Mann and Herman Hesse among novelists. As for French writers, the names range from Andre Gide and Andre Malraux to Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sartre. In the light of all this it can be confidently be claimed for Nietzsche that he had more influence on European writers of the front rank than any other philosopher after Karl Marx¡ªif indeed Marx can be satisfactorily thought of as a philosopher.


More surprisingly, since one does not easily expect a philosopher to be taken up by composers, Mahler, Delius, and Schoenberg all set Nietzsche's words to music, and Richard Strauss wrote an orchestral tone-poem called Also Sprach Zarathustra (1896) which is still frequently performed and recorded. So Nietzsche penetrated widely as well as deeply into the culture of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.



Facing unpalatable truths


What appealed most about his positive doctrines is what might be called their stoic heroism, the idea that we must confront the most difficult and unpalatable truths about ourselves without flinching, go on looking them clean in the eye, and live in the light of this knowledge without any reward other than the living of such a life for its own sake. Many large-hearted people for whom the absence of religious belief was a consciously felt loss were grateful to Nietzsche for giving them this lead. His own heroism in pursuit of this path was beyond question. Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, said of him: "In my youth he signified a nobility which I could not attain." 

Freud also, according to his leading biographer, "several times said of Nietzsche that he had a more penetrating knowledge of himself than any other man who ever lived or was likely to live." 〈Bryan Magee, The Story of philosophy〉


´ç´ëÀÇ ÁöµµÀûÀÎ ãÌìÑ W. B. Yeats´Â Nietzsche¸¦ ÀÐÀº ¹ÝÀÀÀ¸·Î ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ãÌÀÇ ¹ßÀüÀÇ ¹æÇâÀ» º¯°æÇÏ¿´´Ù. µ¶ÀÏ ½ÃÀÎµé °¡¿îµ¥´Â Rainer Maria Rilke¿Í Stefan GeorgeÀÌ ¼Ò¼³°¡ °¡¿îµ¥ÀÇ Thomas Mann°ú Herman Hesse°¡ Çß´ø °Íó·³ NietzscheÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ÇÁ¶û½º ÀÛ°¡µé¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é, ±× À̸§Àº ±× ¹üÀ§°¡ Andre Gide¿Í Andre Malraux·Î ºÎÅÍ Albert Camus¿Í Jean-Paul Sartre±îÁö À̸¥´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ðµç °Í¿¡ ºñÃß¾î º¼ ¶§, Nietzsche´Â Karl Marx¡ª¸¸¾à¿¡ Marx°¡ Á¤¸»·Î öÇÐÀÚ·Î ¸¸Á·½º·´°Ô »ý°¢µÉ ¼ö Àִٸ顪ÀÌÈÄ ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² öÇÐÀÚº¸´Ùµµ ÀÏ·ùÀÇ À¯·´ÀÛ°¡µé¿¡°Ô ´õ ¸¹Àº ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢ÃÆ´Ù°í ÀڽŠÀÖ°Ô ÁÖÀåµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.


öÇÐÀÚ°¡ ÀÛ°î°¡µéÀÇ ÁÖÀǸ¦ ²ô´Â(take up) °ÍÀ» ½±°Ô ±â´ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®¿¡, Mahler¿Í Delius¿Í ±×¸®°í Schoenberg ¸ðµÎ°¡ NietzscheÀÇ ¸»À» À½¾Ç¿¡ ¹Ý¿µÇÏ¿´°í, Richard Strauss°¡ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ºó¹øÇÏ°Ô °ø¿¬µÇ°í À½¹ÝÀ¸·Î Á¦À۵Ǵ Also Sprach Zarathustra¶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â ÎßúÂã̸¦(±³Çâ½Ã: orchestral tone-poem) ½è´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ´õ¿í´õ ³î¶ó¿î ÀÏÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ Nietzsche´Â 19¼¼±â ¸»°ú 20¼¼±â ÃÊÀÇ ¹®È­¿¡ ±íÀÌ ÀÖ°Ô´Â ¹°·Ð ³Î¸® ħÅõÇÏ¿´´Ù.



ÀÔ¿¡ ¸ÂÁö ¾Ê´Â Áø¸®¸¦ Á÷¸éÇÏ´Â °Í


±×ÀÇ ±àÁ¤ÀûÀΠöÇÐÀû ±³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ¸Å¿ì ¸Å·ÂÀûÀÎ °ÍÀº ±Ý¿åÀû ¿µ¿õÁÖÀǶó°í ºÒ¸®´Â °ÍÀ̸ç, ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸® Àڽſ¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡Àå Èûµé°í °¡Àå ºÒÄèÇÑ(unpalatable: ¸À¾ø´Â, ½ÈÀº) Áø½ÇÀ» ÇÇÇÏÁö ¸»°í Á¤¸éÀ¸·Î ¸¶ÁÖÇØ¾ß µÇ°í ±× Áø½ÇÀ» û¸íÇÑ ´«À¸·Î °è¼Ó ÀÀ½ÃÇØ¾ß µÇ°í »î ÀÚü¸¦ À§Çؼ­ »îÀ» »ì¾Æ°£´Ù´Â °Í ¿Ü¿¡´Â ¾Æ¹«·± º¸»óµµ ¾øÀÌ »ì¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â »ç»óÀÌ´Ù. Á¾±³Àû ½Å¾ÓÀÇ ºÎÀç°¡ ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î ´À²¸Áö´Â ßÃã÷(»ó½Ç)ÀÌ µÇ¸ç, ¸¶À½ÀÌ ³ÐÀº »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µé¿¡°Ô ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¾È³»¸¦ ÇØÁÖ´Â Nietzsche¿¡°Ô °¨»çÇØ Çß´Ù. Á¤½ÅºÐ¼®ÇÐÀÇ Ã¢½ÃÀÚÀÎ Sigmund Freud´Â ±×¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ¡°³ªÀÇ ÀþÀº ½ÃÀý¿¡ ±×´Â ³»°¡ µµ´ÞÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °í±ÍÇÑ »ç¶÷À» ÀǹÌÇÏ¿´´Ù,¡±¶ó°í ¸»ÇÏ¿´´Ù. Freud¿Í ¶ÇÇÑ ±×ÀÇ ¶Ù¾î³­(leading) Àü±âÀÛ°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ¡°¿©·¯ ¹øÀ̳ª Nietzsche¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ Nietzsche´Â Áö±Ý±îÁö »ì¾Ò°Å³ª ¾ÕÀ¸·Î »ì°Ô µÉ ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷º¸´Ùµµ ÀÚ±â Àڽſ¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ ²ç¶Õ¾î º¸´Â Áö½ÄÀ» °¡Á³¾ú´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ¿´´Ù.



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