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Marx, then, was unwilling either to investigate working conditions in industry himself or to learn from intelligent working men who had experienced them. Why should he? In all essentials, using the Hegelian dialectic, he had reached his conclusions about the fate of humanity by the late 1840s. All that remained was to find the facts to substantiate them, and these could be garnered from newspaper reports, government blue books and evidence collected by earlier writers, and all this material could be found in libraries. Why look further? The problem, as it appeared to Marx, was to find the right kind of facts: the facts that fitted. His method has been well summarized by the philosopher Karl Jaspers:


The style of Marx's writings is not that of the investigator. . . he does not quote examples or adduce facts which run counter to his own theory but only those which clearly support or confirm that which he considers the ultimate truth. The whole approach is one of vindication, not investigation, but it is a vindication of something proclaimed as the perfect truth with the conviction not of the scientist but of the believer. 


In this sense, then, the 'facts' are not central to Marx's work; they are ancillary, buttressing conclusions already reached independently of them. Capital, the monument around which his life as a scholar revolved, should be seen, then, not as a scientific investigation of the nature of philosophy, a tract comparable to those of Carlyle or Ruskin. It is a huge and often incoherent sermon, an attack on the industrial process and the principle of ownership by a man who had conceived a powerful but essential irrational hatred for them.


±×¶§ Marx´Â »ê¾÷¿¡ À־ ³ëµ¿ Á¶°ÇÀ» ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ Á÷Á¢ Á¶»çÇϰųª ±×·± ³ëµ¿ Á¶°ÇÀ» °æÇèÇÑ ¶È¶ÈÇÑ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹è¿ï ¶æÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ±×°¡ ¿Ö ±×·¸°Ô ÇØ¾ß Çϳª? ¸ðµç º»ÁúÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦¿¡ À־, HegelÀÇ º¯Áõ¹ýÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© 1840³â´ë ¸»°æ¿¡ ±×´Â ÀÌ¹Ì ÀηùÀÇ ¿î¸í¿¡ °üÇؼ­ °á·Ð¿¡ µµ´ÞÇØ ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ³²Àº °ÍÀº ¸ðµÎ ±× °á·ÐÀ» ±¸Ã¼È­ÇÒ »ç½ÇµéÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú°í, ÀÌ »ç½ÇµéÀº ½Å¹® º¸µµ¿Í Á¤ºÎ º¸°í¼­(blue books: û¼­)¿Í ÀÌÀüÀÇ ÀúÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ ¼öÁýµÈ Áõ°Å·ÎºÎÅÍ È¹µæµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¸ðµç Àç·áµéÀº µµ¼­°ü¿¡¼­ ãÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¿Ö ´õ ÀÌ»ó ã¾Æº¼ °ÍÀΰ¡? Marx¿¡°Ôµµ ±×·¸°Ô º¸¿´´ø °°Àºµ¥, ¹®Á¦´Â ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ Á¾·ùÀÇ »ç½ÇÀ» ã¾Æ³»´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù: µü µé¾î¸Â´Â »ç½Ç(À» ã´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù). ±×ÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀº öÇÐÀÚ Karl Jaspers¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ Àß ¿ä¾àµÇ¾ú´Ù:


〈MarxÀÇ ±Û ¾²´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº ¿¬±¸ÀÚÀÇ ¹æ¹ý(that)ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ¡¦±×´Â »ç·Ê¸¦ ÀοëÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í ±×ÀÇ À̷п¡ ¹Ý´ë°¡ µÇ´Â »ç½ÇÀº ¿¹ÁõÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ±×°¡ ±Ã±ØÀû Áø¸®¶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ÁöÁöÇϰųª È®ÀÎÇÏ´Â »ç½Ç¸¸ ¿¹ÁõÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀüüÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ý(approach)Àº ¿ËÈ£ÀÌÁö Á¶»ç°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú°í ±×°ÍÀº °úÇÐÀÚ°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ ½Å¾ÓÀÎÀÇ È®½ÅÀ» °¡Áö°í ¿Ïº®ÇÑ Áø¸®¶ó°í ¼±Æ÷µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ¿ËÈ£ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.〉


°Ô´Ù°¡(then), ÀÌ·± Àǹ̿¡¼­ ¡®»ç½Çµé¡¯Àº MarxÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡ Áß½ÉÀûÀÌÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù; »ç½ÇµéÀº ±×°Íµé°ú´Â °ü°è¾øÀÌ(independently of) ÀÌ¹Ì ³»¸° °á·ÐÀ» ¶°¹ÞÃÄÁÖ´Â ºÎ¼öÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ±×°¡ ÀÏ»ýµ¿¾È ±× ÁÖÀ§¸¦ ºùºù µ¹¾Ò´ø ±â³äžÀÎ ¡°Capital¡±(ÀÚº»·Ð)Àº öÇÐÀÇ º»Áú¿¡ °üÇÑ °úÇÐÀû ¿¬±¸(investigation)·Î, Carlyle ȤÀº RuskinÀÇ ¿¬±¸(investigation)¿Í ºñ±³ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿¬±¸·Î °£ÁֵǾ´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº °Å´ëÇÏ°í °¡²û ºñ³í¸®ÀûÀÎ ¼³±³ÀÌ¸ç »ê¾÷Àû °úÁ¤(process)°ú ¼ÒÀ¯±ÇÀÇ ¿øÄ¢¿¡ ´ëÇØ, °­·ÂÇÏÁö¸¸ ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ºñÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ Áõ¿À½ÉÀ» À×ÅÂÇÑ, ÇÑ »ç³»ÀÇ °ø°ÝÀÌ´Ù.



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°ø»êÁÖÀÇ´Â Áö³­ 100¿© ³â°£ÀÇ ½ÇÇè¿¡¼­ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ½ÇÆÐÇÏ¿´´Ù. µ¿¼­¾çÀÇ ¹«¼öÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ, ÃÖ°íÀÇ Áö½ÄÀÎÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹®¸ÍÀÚ±îÁö, ºÎÀÚ¿¡¼­ °ÅÁö±îÁö, ¼ºÀڷκÎÅÍ ±øÆп¡ À̸£±â±îÁö, °ø»êÁÖÀÇ¿¡ Ú»ûã(¹ÌȤ)µÇ¾î °ø»êÁÖÀÇ´Â Àΰ£ »çȸÀÇ ¸ðµç ¾ÇÀ» ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ÅðÄ¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹¦¾àÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ƯÈ÷ °è±ÞÀû ºÒÆòµîÀ» ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ¿µ¿øÈ÷ Á¦°ÅÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Àý´ëÀûÀÎ »ç»óÀ̶ó°í Âø°¢ÇÏ¿´´Ù. À¯ÅäÇǾƸ¦ °¥¸ÁÇÏ´Â ¸¹Àº ÀÌ»óÁÖÀÇÀû û³âµéÀÌ °ø»êÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿¿¡ Èñ»ýÀûÀ¸·Î ¶Ù¾îµé¾ú´Ù. À̵éÀº ¸ñ¼ûµµ ¾Æ³¢Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. 


Áö³­ 100¿© ³â µ¿¾È °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº Çõ¸íÀ¸·Î, ÀüÀïÀ¸·Î, Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î, ¶§·Î´Â ¹ÎÁÖÀûÀÎ ¼±°Å¸¦ ÅëÇؼ­ ±¹°¡±Ç·ÂÀ» Àå¾ÇÇÏ¿´´Ù. Áß±¹°ú ·¯½Ã¾Æ °°Àº °Å´ë ±¹°¡¿Í ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«³ª ¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ½Å»ý±¹°¡¿Í ³²¹ÌÀÇ ³ª¶óµéÀÌ »çȸÁÖÀÇ Ã¼Á¦¸¦ µµÀÔÇÏ¿´´Ù. Çѹݵµµµ Àý¹ÝÀÌ °ø»ê´ç ¼öÁß¿¡ µé¾î°¬´Ù. ±× °á°ú´Â Àηù¿ª»ç»ó À¯·Ê°¡ ¾ø´Â Àç¾ÓÀ̾ú´Ù. 1¾ï ÀÌ»óÀÇ ¹«°íÇÑ ÀιÎÀÌ ÇлìµÇ¾ú´Ù. Âü´ãÇÑ ºó°ïÀÌ ÀÏ»óÀûÀÎ Çö»óÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. °ø»êÁÖÀÇ ±¹°¡´Â ºÏÇÑó·³ ¿¹¿Ü ¾øÀÌ ±Ç·ÂÀÚµéÀÌ ´ë³õ°í °ÅÁþ¸»ÇÏ°í ´ë³õ°í »ç±â¸¦ Ä¡°í ´ë³õ°í ÀιÎÀ» ¾àÅ»ÇÏ°í ´ë³õ°í °³Àμþ¹è¸¦ °­¿äÇÏ°í ´ë³õ°í ¼ö¿ë¼Ò¸¦ ¸¸µé°í ´ë³õ°í »ç¶÷À» Á×ÀÌ´Â ¾Ç·ÉÀÇ ³ª¶ó°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. Karl Marx°¡ ÀڽŸ¸¸¸ÇÏ°Ô ¿¹¾ðÇÏ¿´´ø Áö»ó³«¿øÀº Çã¸ÁÇÑ ²ÞÀ¸·Î ³¡³ª°í °ø»êÁÖÀÇ ³ª¶ó¸¶´Ù ¿ª»ç»ó ÃÖ¾ÇÀÇ »ýÁö¿ÁÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. 


±×·±µ¥µµ °³¹ßµµ»ó ±¹°¡´Â ¹°·Ð ¼­±¸ÀÇ ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ ¼­±¸¿¡¼­µµ °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ Çõ¸íÀ̳ª Æø·ÂÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ÇÕ¹ýÀûÀ¸·Î ±Ç·ÂÀ» Àâ´Â ÀÏÀÌ ÈçÇÏ´Ù. ¼±°Å¸¦ ÅëÇؼ­ À¯±ÇÀÚ ´Ù¼öÀÇ ÁöÁö·Î Áý±ÇÀ» ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù´Â ¸»ÀÌ´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î ÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¿øÁ¶ÀÎ ¿µ±¹¿¡¼­µµ ±ØÁ ÁöµµÀÚ°¡ Á¤±ÇÀå¾Ç Á÷Àü±îÁö °¡±âµµ ÇÏ¿´¾ú´Ù. °ø»êºÏÇÑ°ú´Â ¾Æ¿¹ ºñ±³°¡ ¾È µÉ Á¤µµ·Î ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°í ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ ´ëÇѹα¹¿¡¼­µµ °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ ±¹°¡±Ç·ÂÀ» Àå¾ÇÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú°í ¾ÕÀ¸·Îµµ ±× °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ³ô´Ù. ¿Ö À¯±ÇÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ·¸°Ô í»úª(ÀÚÇØ)ÀÇ ¸ÛûÇÑ ÁþÀ» ¹Ýº¹ÇÏ´Â °É±î? Àΰ£Àº Á¤Ä¡Àû ÆÇ´Ü¿¡¼­´Â ºÐº°·ÂÀ» »ó½ÇÇÏ°í ¹Ùº¸°°Àº ÁþÀ» Çϱ⠽±±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

 

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